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在执行上级党组织决定方面存在的问题及整改措施范文(通用6篇)
2023-06-15
为期一周的小学英语90学时的实践培训活动已经结束，回顾过去的一周，总体的感觉就是一个字“忙”，忙着记笔记，忙着听课、评课，忙着写感受。确实，在这短短的一周当中，自己真的从中看到许多，听到许多，学到、感悟到更多，也深深地体会到自己的不足之处，以及明白自己今后努力的方向和具体的行动。现将自己的这几天的培训活动做如下的总结：
一、理论引领，乐于反思;
在这几天的培训的学习当中，可以说学习到很多的理论方面的知识，也是之前从未学习到或领悟到的一些内容。因此，在这几天的学习当中，林老师开设的讲座，从英语教学中的常见问题为出发点，主要谈论了语篇意识在英语教学中的重要性等，从教学各个环节渗透语篇教学的案例中，指出我们在平常教学中需要渗透语篇意识的问题进行了细致地阐述，确实让我知道了自己在备课等方面存在的不足。教研员金浪老师也就“落实课堂的教学常规，培养学生的自主教学能力，提高教学有效性”进行了讲座，结合生动的实例，也让我们感悟到了规范课堂的重要性。
二、专业成长，善于实践
作为一名英语老师，过硬的专业素质是所必需的，也是教育的需要;那么如何才能使自己更快地成长呢?我想就是善于实践课堂吧。温州市的名师、学科带头人给我们的培训也注入了一剂“强心针”，让我们体会、领略了名师们的风采，也让我们了解自己与他们在专业成长上有一段较长的距离。
更加令我开心的是：在每一堂课后，不管是名师或是学员的开课，都有专家的点评，以及相关话题的专门讲座。特别是针对课堂的教学设计，进行了一个系列的活动;从听说课型，到阅读课型以及最后的复习课型，三位老师分别开设了讲座，让我们有针对性的进行了学习。在教学方面，洪老师也针对词汇教学进行了讲座，谈及了词汇运用能力的培养，虽然是就学生学习词汇而言，其实也体现了教师的`词汇教学的能力。
三、创新精神，勇于探索;
“创新”是在整个培训过程中也是听到比较多的一个词;不论是理论的培训，还是这次培训学员的展示课中，让我确实体会到创新的重要性。生活中需要创意，教育中需要创新，这样才能够使自己的教学与时俱进，并能够形成一定的特色。我想，在今后的课堂当中，我们也可以积极地探索，努力地实践，可以适当地使用一些先进的理念，改变自己的课堂。当然了，教材是固定不变的，但是我们可以添加一点“调味料”，给教育加点味道;通过自己的创新，使自己的教育能够绽放新的风采。
培训活动虽然短暂，但是，我从这次培训中体会和感悟很深。假如我们都是一片小小湖泊，那么我希望每一片湖泊可以泛起一点涟漪!
The summary of “Nice Guys (And
Girls) Finish Together”
In Nicholas ’s “Nice Guys (And Girls) Finish Together”, which first appeared in the New York Times Magazine in 1997, he asserts that it is commendable that Japanese still value their civility, but in face of globalization, they should abandon the obsession with egalitarianism. Giving the game “musical chair”, once played by Japanese and American children as an example, he reveals an evidence of the cultural differences between Japanese and American. The former lays more emphasis on the balance of people’s relationship rather than on individual performance, while the latter tends to struggle for winning, even in some impolite manners.
1.我们的未来由很多事情决定，例如机遇、贵人相助等。
2.但是我们自己的态度、决心与勤奋起着更重要的作用。
3.也就是说，我们的未来由我们自己做主。
提示：尽量使用高级表达：such as;in other words等。
连句成篇 (将以上句子连成一篇50词左右的英语短文)
Our future is determined by many things，such as opportunities and others’ help，but our own attitude，determination and hard work play a more important other words，we are the master of our own future.
我们的未来是由很多东西决定的，比如机会和别人的帮助，但是我们自己的态度、决心和努力发挥着更重要的作用。换句话说，我们是我们自己未来的主人
雅思阅读技巧盘点之：多快好省做对Summary
一、无选项雅思阅读Summary的特征
1、主要针对文章的某一段或某几段的主要内容进行概括或改写，上下句之间有一定的联系。
2、每个空格的间隔时近时远，例如剑7 T1 P1的summary就定位在D段一段中，而剑5 T1 P1的则分散在四个段落中，由此可见定位准确是解题的关键步骤。但考生们不用着急，一般summary的定位还是比较容易的，且大部分是涉及到原文的两三段。即使某道题比较难找到，也可以先做summary的其他题，切勿因小失大。
3、一般是顺序原则，较少乱序。
4、填的答案多是原文原词，很少需要改变语态和词性，相对简单。
二、雅思阅读Summary的解题步骤
1、阅读文章的大标题和小标题。其实拿到一篇文章，不论有哪些题型，第一步都要阅读文章的大标题和小标题，大致掌握文章主题和推测文章的写作思路和结构。
2、仔细审题。 (1)注意字数限制(Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. )，一般有只能填一个、不超过两个和不超过三个单词。(2)有时题目会明确告知summary在原文中的起始段落。
3、根据summary的小标题或者首句，回原文确定起始位置。
4、划出第一题的定位词和关键词(指紧挨着空格的并且肯定会被同义替换的单词)。
5、通过关键词及空格前后的逻辑关系来推测所填词的语法特征。(1)常考词性有名词、形容词、动词和副词，但主要以“名词和形容词”为主，在剑桥真题5-9中的summary共63个，名词58个占92%，形容词5个占8%。(2)如果所填词是名词，还可以进一步去预测是人还是物，单复数，有时甚至能推测出是具体物还是抽象物，但还是要根据实际情况而定，不要为了预测而硬预测。
6、回到原文，通过略读定位到题目位置。
7、精读定位词所在的句子，一定要读完整。
8、对应关键词和逻辑关系后，通过语法来确定答案。
9、继续下一题。
二、雅思阅读Summary解题小贴士
1、一定要注意字数限制。有不少考生会因为初次考试紧张而忘记审题，同样的问题在判断题的TRUE和YES中也有体现。
2、如果在题目或者原文中看到this，that，those，these，it等指代词，一定要把指代词的内容搞清楚，因为指代词往往是考点，或者通过指代词所指内容能提示解题。
3、如果定位词所在句子找不到关键词的同义替换或逻辑关系，一般可以往下看一句，最多往下看两句。
4、因为是顺序出题，所以实在是有定位不到的题要学会放弃，先做下一题，然后在上下两题的定位之间再寻找一次。
总而言之，无选项summary是考生必须要得到分数的题型。解题步骤大致为了解文章主题，审题，圈划定位词和关键词，预测语法特征，回原文精读。除了熟练掌握做题步骤和技巧之外，基础语法和同义替换也是加快做题速度，提高正确率的利剑。每次做完题都要认真分析错误原因，是定位不准确，同义替换没背出还是句意或逻辑关系理解错误，并积累每道题目(不论对错)和题目对应原文句子的生词和同义替换。考生不能太过沉迷于技巧，毕竟扎实的基本功和踏实的学习态度才是通过雅思，成功打开国外理想大学大门的钥匙。
雅思阅读小范围预测
文章题目 Aquaculture in New Zealand
重复年份 20_0114 20_1031 20_1124 20_0212
题材 农业
题型 小标题 7+人名理论配对 3+句子填空 3
文章大意 新西兰水产养殖，介绍了新西兰一种新型保护海底动物多样性兼顾商业运作
的方式一 aquaculture , 其发展遇到的问题及前景。
部分参考答案：
小标题
14. vi (一个受益的村庄)
15. vii (company’s profit)
16. 选含 limitation 的那项
17. 选含 concerns to environment 的那项
18. 选含 alternative explanation 的那项
19. 选含 research 的那项
20. 选含 science and business 的那项
填空题
24. polyculture/aquaculture
25. commercial partner
26. market value/high price
文章题目 Expert in musician
重复年份 20_0130 20_0517
题材 人文社科
题型 选择 4+判断 6+填空 4
文章大意
天赋是遗传先天的还是靠练习，主要以音乐为例。讨论坚持不懈对成功的作用和他们的关系。首先探讨了毅力是否是成功的必要条件，并阐述了众多学家就此提出的各类观点。在论证天才是不是也需要坚持不懈时，举例了莫扎特一个人坚持找工作的过程。最后证明了坚持不懈和成功的关系密切。
文章题目 The meaning of history study
重复年份 20_1114A 20_0920 20_1210
题材 人文社科
题型 配对 9+填空 4
文章大意 本文讲了历史研究的意义。列举了名人对于学习历史的观点。历史学家和教育家都认为历史不仅具有学术研究的意义，更有助于其他领域。
雅思阅读模拟题：Search begins for Earth
Search begins for 'Earth' beyond solar system
Staff and agencies
Wednesday December 27, 20_
Guardian Unlimited
1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another “Earth” among the stars.
2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after .
3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find “any little green men”.
4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA), Austria, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds.
5. “At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men,” Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme.
6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find “rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water”.
7. To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a “transit”. Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.
8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the Earth - which will cause the most excitement. Scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.
9. Corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying the acoustic waves that ripple across the surface of stars, a technique called “asteroseismology”.
10. The nature of the ripples allows astronomers to calculate a star's precise mass, age and chemical composition.
11. “A planet passing in front of a star can be detected by the fall in light from that star. Small oscillations of the star also produce changes in the light emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured internally. This data will provide a major boost to our understanding of how stars form and evolve,” Prof Roxburgh said.
12. Since the discovery in 1995 of the first “exoplanet” - a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-based observatories.
13. Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the “wobble” their gravity imparts on parent stars. But only giant gaseous planets bigger than Jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour life.
14. In the 20_s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four or five interlinked space telescopes that will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse their atmospheres for signs of biological activity.
15. At around the same time, the US space agency, Nasa, will launch Terrestrial Planet Finder, another space telescope designed to locate Earth-like planets.
题目描述：
Given a sorted integer array without duplicates, return the summary of its ranges.
For example, given [0,1,2,4,5,7], return [0->2,4->5,7].
Credits:
Special thanks to @ for adding this problem and creating all test cases.
就是给定一个已排序的数组，返回一个字符串数组，每个字符串表示为元素区间的合并，
本题是典型的two pointer 问题。
思路：
一次遍历，使用two pointer方法，from 表示区间的起始元素，to表示区间的结束元素。
如果相邻元素nums[i]和nums[i-1]差值为1，区间范围+1：to = nums[i] ，注意最后元素的处理。
否则：
如果from不等于to：
将range = [from,to]添加到解集中，并更新from的位置。
如果from和to相等：
将range=from(或to)添加到解集
注意末尾元素的判断（如果已打末尾，添加末尾元素）
实现代码：
public class Solution { public IList
首先，审题，条理清楚
保证不跑提示写作当中第一任务，第二个重要任务就是要做到条理清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚，对于说明文来说条理要清楚，对于描述文来说，谁干什么要清楚。阿希学姐15年从教经验教你「课文」+「发音」+「单词」+「语法」+「考试技巧」=〔100%〕通过「考试/考证」→公众号【阿希英语】
写主题句
主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可得及格分。写主题句嘴保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。
问题阐述
适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观地反映事实。
一句话用不同的句式来表达
为了加强同学们对语法知识在写作中的灵活应用
尽量复杂作文中的句式
长句采用的特殊语法包括：宾语从句+分词结构做插入语+分词作后置定语(issued)+被动语态+原因短语+定语从句。
保证作文符合字数要求的十二句作文法
作文120-150个字，考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多，因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点，另一方面又会占用过多的时间。写得太多还易跑题，一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。
本次试卷信息量大，知识涵盖面广，渗透性强，注重实际情景和具体语境中考查学生对基础知识的理解和运用，有较强的探究性和灵活性。试卷突出了语言的交际功能，力求体现课程标准精神，无偏、难和怪题。试题的选材有必须的时代感和知识性，在选材中既注意了所选材料在题材和体裁上的多样性，又注意了所选材料的思想性和教育性注重教育性。试卷着重考查学生理解、运用语言的本事，重视考查学生的英语基础知识、基本技能，考查学生运用所学的知识和技分析问题、解决问题的本事，力求体现选拔和指导教学两者并重。
一、试卷特点：
1、试卷注重基础，体现活用，难度和区分度恰当无偏题，怪题出现。
试题注重考查学生在必须语境下对语言基础知识的掌握情景和综合运用英语的本事。语言基础知识的考查重点突出、覆盖面广；情景设置合理，避免了纯知识性的死记硬背题；词汇和语法的测试充分注意了语言的真实性、趣味性和实践性；注重语感，灵活性强，突出语言形式向语言意义的转化。
2、试题从知识立意逐渐向本事立意转变。
加大了本事考查的比重。试题突出了语言的交际性，强调在特定的语境中英语知识的灵活运用。适当增加了测试词汇量，加强本事检测。如阅读理解考查的资料注重了对学生在语境中运用语言本事的考查。加大了对语言的熟练程度和深层次本事考查的力度。如“阅读理解”部分注重了对归纳，推断和猜测整个句子等深层次本事的考查。阅读材料贴近生活，同时题材广泛，体裁多样、生动趣味，并富有思想性。
3、书面表达难度控制合理。
书面表达给学生留有充分发挥本事的空间，加大了考查学生综合运用语言本事的力度，使试卷更具现实性。书面表达题对初中英语教学有着良好的导向作用，要求学生要充分运用所学语言记录自我的真实情感，进一步体现了英语学科的交际性和工具性。
二、试题分析
第一题：听力部分
第一大题中5个小题，相当基础，主要考查学生的'基础知识掌握得如何，第二、三、四大题，则逐步地增大难度，人物主角的转换、地点的转移这要求学生要学会用英语思维研究问题，否则听力节奏跟不上，这暗示学生平时学英语，要慢慢锻炼自我学会用英语进行思考问题的本事。
第二题：词汇与语法
A）此题大部分学生答得较好，有少部分学生单词掌握得不够好，有个别拼写错误。
B）单项填空是一种常规题型，考查的知识点多，但难度不大。题干设计简洁，情景清楚。语法知识遵循新课标，有助于引导学生不要花很多的时光抠语法知识，而将更多的精力放在语言本事的培养上。
第三题：语言交际
此题的题型比以往的难度降低，绝大多数学生答得相对较好。
第四题：语篇理解
阅读部分所选的阅读文章题材多样化，主要考查学生对阅读材料的分析理解本事、推理确定本事和概括归纳本事。该大题在整篇考卷中得分率相对最低。失误原因是对于常见用语掌握的熟练程度还不够。基本功不扎实，知识掌握不到位。
第五部分：书面表达
考生在书面表达中所反映的问题主要有：基础不扎实，语言表述不清楚。主要表现在：语序混乱、语法结构错误、基本句型没掌握、单词拼写错误、时态错误等。
三、教学提议及反思
经过对英语试卷和考试情景的分析，针对英语教学中存在的问题，英语教学还要在以下几个方面作进一步的努力：
1、课改理念，钻研新教材，务实英语基础
2、确立语篇意识和综合意识，培养综合运用本事
八年级英语试题突出了语篇功能和综合运用本事。阅读理解试题是分值较高的试题。我们在平时的教学中要根据教材切实搞好语篇教学，并有意识、有计划地增加英语阅读量，题材、体裁要尽量多样化，经过很多的阅读，扩大学生的知识面，使学生熟悉不一样体裁、不一样题材文章的作题思路，提高阅读速度，提高驾驭语篇的本事。选材要尽量要贴近学生的生活实际，注意时代性、生活性和社会性。语篇难度适当，措辞浅显、生动、自然、地道，语句灵活且富于变化。在平时要经过阅读培养学生阅读多种文体的本事，如何从文章中获取信息的本事和运用英语解决实际问题的本事。在训练中要注意方法的多样化和灵活性，同时关注学生运用英语进行直接思维意识本事和习惯的培养，启发他们学会运用多种不一样的方法来表达同样的思想，提高用英语进行思维的本事，逐步培养良好的英语语感，提高英语语用本事。
3、加强英语课外阅读，提高信息素养
英语知识的获得与本事的提高是在不断的听、说、读、写的训练过程中逐步构成的，而教材和课堂所能供给的训练还是比较有限的。所以，要加强理解语篇的本事训练，增强英语语感。同时要增强信息意识，培养和提高信息素养，重视运用英语解决实际问题的本事。
总体来看，八年级英语试题难度虽不大，但出得很^v^活^v^，外语的功能性、交际性体现得淋漓尽致，试题的编制无论从技术层面或文化层面都体现了教学新导向、新思维，语言的灵活性和严谨性使得这份卷子很有份量。所以，在今后的教学中应注意开阔学生视野，多渠道、大容量地给学生供给具有时代感的英语信息，加强语言运用本事的培养，少讲解，多给学生实际运用语言的机会，在用中学英语，在学中用英语。
尽管对课文词汇的复习告一段落，但词汇的记忆还是不能放松。词汇量的多少以及运用的熟练程度如何会直接影响英语水平的提高和能力的培养。无论是单句理解还是语篇理解，词汇量的多少势必影响着阅读速度、语篇理解和判断准确等。夯实基础，是学生学习能力提高的基础。在掌握活用词汇特别是常用词汇的运用方面尚有很大的欠缺，如某个词或者词语的具体含义是什么，是一词一义，还是一词多义，是固定搭配还是意义最佳等，另外对于重点词汇的延伸、辨异等都要有个明确的概念，绝不能模棱两可，是实而非。常用词的拼写仍是重中之重，要经过一轮甚至两轮的检查。常用句型和短语要有口头和笔头的反复练习。对话填空要求考生准确拼写单词，特别要注意词形和词性变化。
1. May I introduce myself?
我可以自我介绍一下吗？
2. Let me introduce myself.
让我自我介绍一下。
3. I graduated three years ago.
我已经毕业三年了。
4. I am majoring in economics.
我主修经济学。
5. Which aspect do you want to know about me?/What do you want to know about myself?
您想知道我哪方面的情况？
6. I noticed that you advertised a job in this morning’s paper.
我看到你们在今早的报纸上刊登的招聘广告。
7. I’m coming for position ….
我是来应聘你们广告上的……职位的。
8. I have applied for the position of ….
我申请了贵公司的……职位。
9. Do you have any jobs for a part-timer?
你们需要兼职吗？
10. I’m looking for a job. Are there any vacancies?(job opening)
我在找工作，请问你们有空缺吗？
11. I got a degree in xxxx.
12. I think I’m quite fit for xxxx
13. I’m quite familiar with editing.
词汇量
词汇不仅仅是我们学习英语的基础，更是写出英语作文的基础。倘若你连最常见的单词或者是词组都会写错，那么恐怕在英语写作这块就很难获得高分。
语法是我们英语作文遣词造句的基础，主谓宾，主系表，各种从句，虚拟语气，大家应该有所了解，如果能够在写作中熟练的运用语法，想必你的作文会出彩许多。
当然，如果你并不能确定某种语法，比如某个从句怎么用之类的，那么就用简单的句子代替吧。
逻辑明确
我们大多数人的
作文模板
很多专家或者培训机构都为大家总结了一些英语写作模板，虽然可能有点千篇一律，但是至少不会出错。建议大家可以学习几个比较好的作文模板，熟练的掌握他们一定能在写作时有所发挥，至少会比较有条理。
英语作文的提高其实和大家平时的积累息息相关。在平时多背一些经典词句段落，可能在写作的时候不太能够想起来，但是确实是积累了语感，对写作也是很有帮助的。
阿希学姐15年从教经验教你「课文」+「发音」+「单词」+「语法」+「考试技巧」=〔100%〕通过「考试/考证」→公众号【阿希英语】
(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。
(2) 注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。
对应词的特点如下：
A. 原词
B. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。
C. 语态变化;一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。
D. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。
(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子，确定正确答案。
(4) 注意语法，所填答案必须符合语法规定。
(5) 注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。
NOTICE
1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。
若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如Use ONE OR TWO WORDS等，答案必须满足这个要求。
2. 若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。
如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。
3. 若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。
下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物，杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。
4. 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。
选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。
5. 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。
(1) 原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。
(2) 词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。
(3) 语态变化：原文为Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被动语态。
(4) 图表：如果原文中有图表，一般会有一题答案来自图表。
(5) 同义词：原文为tight，选项为restricted，是同义词。
(6) 归纳：有时文中没有直接提及，须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难，目前考试中，至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。
6.从选项中选词，如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。
这时，要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够，否则不建议大家这样做。
7. 如果要求自己写词，答案绝大部分是原文原词，少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。
要求自己写词的机率很小，遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词，剩下一个，原文原词是de-inked，答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。
雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类
雅思阅读：Coarse work
BRITISH universities, it appears, are considering abandoning a 200-year old system of degree classification in favour of the American GPA model. At present, students are bunched into grade clusters. The top 10-20% receive a “1st”, the majority receive a “” or “two-one” and the stragglers receive either a “two-two” or a “3rd”. The latter group can be very small (5%) at the elite universities but is larger nationally.
The main reasoning for this is that it is hard for employers to distinguish between graduates if everyone has a grade. But it is possible for employers to ask for a full transcript of individual grades, though this is not nearly as common in Britain as you might expect. The stronger point (which you might have already picked up on) is that the existing system can be difficult to interpret internationally. Adopting the GPA system would be helpful to undergraduates wishing to study or work abroad.
I think this might be missing a trick. My experience of the 1st/ system is that it has a very strong effect on students' work effort. For weaker students, either those of lower natural ability or the more workshy, fear of the notorious “Desmond” (cockney rhyming slang after the eponymous archbishop) is the ultimate motivator. Many attractive careers simply advertise the minimum requirement of a , and therefore getting the lower grade can be quite a handicap in the job market.
For stronger students, the aspiration of a first, the only true distinguisher in the system, is also a strong incentive. The risk is that working quite hard could leave you with only a high , largely indistinguishable from all other 's. The crudeness of the grading system drags everyone up.
An interesting paper by Pradeep Dubey and John Geanakoplos of the Cowles foundation at Yale Univeristy makes the same point. They write:
Suppose that the professor judges each student's performance exactly, though the performance itself may depend on random factors, in addition to ability and effort. Suppose also that the professor is motivated solely by a desire to induce his students to work hard. Third and most importantly, suppose that the students care about their relative rank in the class, that is, about their status. We show that, in this scenario, coarse grading often motivates the student to work harder.
One might think that finer hierarchies generate more incentives. But this is often not the case. Coarse hierarchies can paradoxically create more competition for status, and thus better incentives for work.
They give a simple example. Suppose there are two students, Brainy and Dumbo, with disparate abilities. Brainy achieves a uniformly higher score even when he shirks and Dumbo works. Suppose, for example, that Dumbo scores between 40 and 50 if he shirks, and between 50 and 60 if he works, while Brainy scores between 70 and 80 if he shirks and 80 and 90 if he works. With perfectly fine grading, Brainy will come ahead of Dumbo regardless of their effort levels. But since they only care about rank, both will shirk.
But, by assigning a grade A to scores above 85, B to scores between 50 and 85, and C to below 50, the professor can inspire Dumbo to work, for then Dumbo stands a chance to acquire the same status B as Brainy, even when Brainy is working. This in turn generates the competition which in fact spurs Brainy to work, so that with luck he can distinguish himself from Dumbo. He doesn't want to be mislabelled. With finer grading everyone gets their own label so this effect disappears.
The corollary to this in my example is that if the brainy student knows that even when slacking off he will still do measurably better than most students he may decide that he can still get a very good job with 70 to 80. There may be students who score 80 to 90 with superior credentials but academic performance is only part of the hiring criteria. If he can signal himself as a brainy student he might think this is enough.
However, critical to all this is that all exams are taken together, as they are at Oxford or Cambridge universities, usually at the end of the degree in a consecutive-day marathon. The trend in other British universities has been to examine various courses throughout the degree. The result is that those in the middle of the ability range can work very hard at the beginning, bank a and then slack off in the remaining years. It is partly for this reason that those universities pushing hardest for the changes have exams split across years. Oxford and Cambridge are less keen.
雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类
雅思阅读：Game lessons
It sounds like a cop-out, but the future of schooling may lie with video games
SINCE the beginning of mass education, schools have relied on what is known in educational circles as “chalk and talk”. Chalk and blackboard may sometimes be replaced by felt-tip pens and a whiteboard, and electronics in the form of computers may sometimes be bolted on, but the idea of a pedagogue leading his pupils more or less willingly through a day based on periods of study of recognisable academic disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, history, geography and whatever the local language happens to be, has rarely been abandoned.
Abandoning it, though, is what Katie Salen hopes to do. Ms Salen is a games designer and a professor of design and technology at Parsons The New School for Design, in New York. She is also the moving spirit behind Quest to Learn, a new, taxpayer-funded school in that city which is about to open its doors to pupils who will never suffer the indignity of snoring through double French but will, rather, spend their entire days playing games.
Quest to Learn draws on many roots. One is the research of James Gee of the University of Wisconsin. In Dr Gee published a book called “What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy”, in which he argued that playing such games helps people develop a sense of identity, grasp meaning, learn to follow commands and even pick role models. Another is the MacArthur Foundation's digital media and learning initiative, which began in and which has acted as a test-bed for some of Ms Salen's ideas about educational-games design. A third is the success of the Bank Street School for Children, an independent primary school in New York that practises what its parent, the nearby Bank Street College of Education, preaches in the way of interdisciplinary teaching methods and the encouragement of pupil collaboration.
Ms Salen is, in effect, seeking to mechanise Bank Street's methods by transferring much of the pedagogic effort from the teachers themselves (who will now act in an advisory role) to a set of video games that she and her colleagues have devised. Instead of chalk and talk, children learn by doing—and do so in a way that tears up the usual subject-based curriculum altogether.
Periods of maths, science, history and so on are no more. Quest to Learn's school day will, rather, be divided into four 90-minute blocks devoted to the study of “domains”. Such domains include Codeworlds (a combination of mathematics and English), Being, Space and Place (English and social studies), The Way Things Work (maths and science) and Sports for the Mind (game design and digital literacy). Each domain concludes with a two-week examination called a “Boss Level”—a common phrase in video-game parlance.
Freeing the helots
In one of the units of Being, Space and Place, for example, pupils take on the role of an ancient Spartan who has to assess Athenian strengths and recommend a course of action. In doing so, they learn bits of history, geography and public policy. In a unit of The Way Things Work, they try to inhabit the minds of scientists devising a pathway for a beam of light to reach a target. This lesson touches on maths, optics—and, the organisers hope, creative thinking and teamwork. Another Way-Things-Work unit asks pupils to imagine they are pyramid-builders in ancient Egypt. This means learning about maths and engineering, and something about the country's religion and geography.
Whether things will work the way Ms Salen hopes will, itself, take a few years to find out. The school plans to admit pupils at the age of 12 and keep them until they are 18, so the first batch will not leave until . If it fails, traditionalists will no doubt scoff at the idea that teaching through playing games was ever seriously entertained. If it succeeds, though, it will provide a model that could make chalk and talk redundant. And it will have shown that in education, as in other fields of activity, it is not enough just to apply new technologies to existing processes—for maximum effect you have to apply them in new and imaginative ways.
写作内容：
1.用约30个词概括上述利用排名( ratings)进行消费的现象；
2.谈谈你如何看待消费排名，然后用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。
写作要求：
1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3.不必写标题
评分标准：
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
满分范文
Possible version one:
As a major channel of consumption information, the rating is an efficient source of information for shopping in our own consumption. Interestingly, the same rating may have different influences on different consumers.
There is no doubt that it is unwise to depend completely on the ratings in consumption. The advantages and disadvantages of ratings are often closely related. It is necessary to hold an objective attitude towards ratings.
Possible version two:
Nowadays, most commodities or services are rated through certain channels. These ratings, easy to access, are playing an increasingly important role in customers' purchase decision. However, results are sometimes unsatisfactory.
There is no denying that such ratings might bring convenience to consumers, but they are often misleading and unreliable. As we all know, most of the ratings are based on others’ judgment on the product or service concerned. Every judgment comes from a specific need or a unique psychological state. Apparently, blindly following others' advice will affect our own judgment. Another fact should not be neglected that some of the ratings are the outcome of a careful manipulation of companies or sellers. It has become a common practice for some to pay
for good ratings on their products or services so as to increase their sales.
Therefore, we should give a second thought to these ratings whenever we go shopping.
SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT(4)
PROTOCOL PROVISIONS
Commitments in China's WTO Protocol and Working Party Report establish rights and obligations enforceable through WTO dispute settlement procedures. We have agreed on key provisions relating to antidumping and subsidies, protection against import surges, technology transfer requirements, and offsets, as well as practices of state?owned and state?invested enterprises. These rules are of special importance to . workers and business.
China has agreed to implement the TRIMs Agreement upon accession, eliminate and cease enforcing trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, as well as local content requirements, refuse to enforce contracts imposing these requirements, and only impose or enforce laws or other provisions relating to the transfer of technology or other know-how, if they are in accordance with the WTO agreements on protection of intellectual property rights and trade?related investment measures.
These provisions will also help protect American firms against forced technology transfers. China has agreed that, upon accession, it will not condition investment approvals, import licenses, or any other import approval process on performance requirements of any kind, including: local content requirements, offsets, transfer of technology, or requirements to conduct research and development in China.
ANTIDUMPING AND SUBSIDIES METHODOLOGY
The agreed protocol provisions ensure that American firms and workers will have strong protection against unfair trade practices including dumping and subsidies. The . and China have agreed that we will be able to maintain our current antidumping methodology (treating China as a non-market economy) in future anti-dumping cases. This provision will remain in force for 15 years after China's accession to the WTO. Moreover, when we apply our countervailing duty law to China we will be able to
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Resume Writing Tips--SAMPLE SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS
SAMPLE TITLE HEADING/PROFILE STATEMENT
REGIONAL SALES MANAGER
Known for delivering strong and sustainable revenue and profit gains in highly competitive markets. Bring 15 years of solid experience and select strengths that encompasses sales territory management, key account development, staff training, team leadership, presentations, and closings.
(Bold, italicize, or underline the Title Heading so it stands out.)
SAMPLE SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS
Accomplished sales professional known for delivering strong and sustainable revenue and profit gains in highly competitive markets. Seeking a Regional Sales Manager position with a leading pharmaceutical company. Select strengths encompass:
RESUME WRITING TIPS - COMMON MISTAKES, DO'S & DON'TS
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