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1、人文社科类专业：一般按五级标题进行标注
(1)一级标题为“一、”、“二、”、“三、” ……;
(2)二级标题为“(一)”、“(二)”、“(三)” ……;
(3)三级标题为“1.”、“2.”、“3.” ……;
(4)四级标题为“(1)”、“(2)”、“(3)” ……;
(5)五级标题为“①”、“②”、“③” ……。
2、理工类专业：一般按四级标题进行标注
(1)一级标题为“1 ”、“2 ”、“3 ” ……;
(2)二级标题为“”、“”、“” ……;
(3)三级标题为“”、“”、“” ……;
(4)四级标题：“”、“”、“”……;
文章正文:The capillary tube is used in such appli-ances ashousehold refrigerauors,small freezers and roomair conditioners,usually up to three ton system[1].Cen-tral air conditioning systems insmall residence,small ice-making machins and small beverage cooler also use thecapillary is not practicle in large commercial-systems because of its lack of sensitivity to loadchanges。
这一部分内容须视论文的类别而有所不同,但就该题目而论,则多系试验研究和技术报告一类。还可以用以下名称等:TEST AND EQUIPMENT(试验与设备),MATERIALS AND METHODS(材料及方法),EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(试验过程),DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(试验描述),或者只写PROCEEDURE(过程),及METHODS(方法),较常见的句式有:Sb or Sth was(were)tested at… ；Sb or Sth participated in this study；或者The equip-ment which was used(consisted of,constructed from,furnished to…by,…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a medianage of 46 year,range 24～69)with chronic renal failure with anuria…参加本研究的有:(a)18例无尿慢性肾衰竭患者,其中男性10人,女性8人,平均年龄为46岁,年龄范围为24～69岁… …。The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete with temperature measuring trans-ducers and recording equipment.所有的试验装置由一个配有测温传感器和记录器的.小柜组成。
既然是标题,不言而喻,就要力求新颖、简明、扼要,例如以下几个例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain控制癌肿疼痛方法的进展。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自显影半剂量分析The Higher the Diffusion Rate,the Higher thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane弥散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子与实膜过氧物酶部位所接触的机会越多。
有时,为了避免标题太长而使用缩写词。Effect of LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)长效甲状腺刺激素和长效甲状腺刺激素保护物对人体甲状腺甙酸环化酶活性的作用。考虑文章较长,可在统一的标题下,用不同的副标题分成若干相对独立的篇章。例如:Factors Influ-encing one's Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness影响个人对慢性疾病适应能力的因素(1)CARE保健；(2)TECHNOLOGY技术学；(3)FAMILY RELATION-SHIPS家庭关系；(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL发展水平(研究标准)；(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化价值和信仰。
其它的表达方法还有:SUMMARY AND CON-CLUSIONS(小结及结论),CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS(SUGGESTIONS)(结论与建议)。常用语有:From(On the basis of)… ,the fol-lowing conclusions can(may)be made(drawn,reached)…或者The following recommendations(SUGGES-TIONS…)may be made(PUT FORWARD)…。例:The following recommendations may be made for theimprovement of the method of this kind of operations…对这类手术方法的改进可作下述改进…
这部分是对整篇文章的高度概括或浓缩,故要简单、明了。常用的词汇和句型有:Somebody studied(examined investigated,determined,found,reported,interviewed,measured,documented,considered,though evaluated,observed,…)。运用这些动词,所采用的时态通常是一般过去时和现在完成时。被动语态也屡见不鲜,常见有:This study was taken to ex-amine… ；Patients with…were followed up for+时间；It is showed that… ；It is concluded that… ；Indicationswere obtained that… ,等。结尾时常用的表达方法有:The results indicate(show,state,suggest,demon-strate,conclude,express…)that… ；These findingshave special importance in showing that… ；The find-ings have general significance in that… ；This possibilityis strengthening by the observation that… ,等等。例:
1． 版式要求、字体字号及行距请参考论文手册。大小标题请用不同字号，粗体。
2． 文献综述及参考文献不合要求，请按后面的要求重写。
3． 我根本分不清你哪是哪，请修改后重新提交，我再审阅。文献综述前写上“literature Review”， 开题报告前写上 “Research Proposal” ,提纲前写上 “Outline”, 参考文献前写上 “References”。
The Difference of Class Teaching methods among the Primary School, the Senior School and the High School
Abstract: Through the investigation research on the methods, ways and content of the elementary school, the junior school and the high school, this subject is aim to discuss the difference on classroom teaching methods among the elementary school, the junior school and the high school. Especially it’s from the angle of the psychology and teaching methods. How to show difference in the classroom teaching? How to solve the textbook connection in these three grades? The purpose of this research is to absorb the educators further attention and discussion on this topic. On the other hand, the teaching effect and teaching quality can be further advanced.
Key Words: The Primary School, the Junior School, the High School, classroom teaching, difference
1. The origin of this subject
For many years, the elementary school and the middle school’s English education basis in many domestic schools are quite weak. The quality of teachers and the facilities are far behind. Their teaching research are backwardness. It is common in many schools that learning English is just to help students graduation and enter into advanced school. So if students get good marks, they can’t be scolded for their bad spoken English.
Among the elementary school, the junior school and the high school, the primary school’s English teaching just started. Though students has been taught, the real situation is not optimistic. In addition, English is not held in the important status. Schools and teachers show less attention on it. Students themselves and their parents are also ignorant of it. In addition, the English class is few every week, sometimes also occupied by other courses, teaching material usage condition is quite chaotic, teachers have low acquisition on students, furthermore, the teaching effect is not good.
While in junior school, most of areas, especially in class experimental schools it is natural for them to change the textbooks. With new content, wide capacity. On the other hand, students in those areas are lack of knowledge foundations, which lead them to fail to study it well. What’s more, some schools’ teaching facilities are old. Teachers teaching skills are to be improved. Thus, the junior English study is just like building house in the air. Moreover, teachers in junior schools has to catch up with the textbook pace in order to complete the teaching task. As a result of it, many students in Grade Two has lost interest in English. Some of them has given it up.
Similarly, teachers in high school are facing the wide capacity of the course material, wide knowledge, wide grammar, a large quantities of words and expressions, sophisticated sentences and so on. In addition, the teachers’ quality in high school are irregular, most of the teaching ways are single. As a result, students can’t catch up with it. So can their low interest. They have to give it up. Such situation has caused some educators worry.
In these years, teachers in the primary school, the junior school and the high school lose themselves in their own textbook.. The research activity is divided. In fact, teachers in different grades have few knowledge of other grades material, the common usage of teaching ways. What’s more, they couldn’t estimate the future students’ level. All of the above shows teachers have blindness in their teaching and make the running-in period longer. So the purpose for me to choose this topic is aim to solve the following four questions:
Q1: What kind of psychology features does students in the elementary school, the junior school and the high school have?
Q2: According to these features, how do teachers choose the appropriate and effective classroom teaching methods?
Q3: What’s the difference in the elementary school, the junior school and the high school?
Q4: How to solve the textbook material problems so as to improve the efficiency?
2. The limitation of the subject
The age criteria and grades of the reference of the subject
In the primary school: 9-12
In the junior school: 12-16
In the high school: 16-19
The material used
In the primary school: New Criteria English
In the junior school: Materials from people’s publication
So does high school.
the basic principle and theory referred by the subject research
3. The method and ways of the research
4. The content of this subject research—The difference of English classroom teaching method
Happy teaching method are used in the elementary school.
Under the principle of students’ predominate, teachers’ teaching dominate, launch students’ learning activity according to the rule of children’s psychology.
Interest teaching method used in junior school
The youths are in a stage of growth, especially interested in the changeable circumstance. So Interest is their source of their learning motivation. Teachers should look for variety of teaching skills.
Task-based-learning teaching method used in high school
Students from the junior school have wide range of English levels. As a matter of fact, excellent students has no language environment to practise, while most of students with study problems have given up it. In order to change this tramp, the task-based-learning is used.
5. The ways to this subject research
The content of the investigation statistics chart
The teaching ways of the investigation statistics chart
6. Conclution
It is obvious that the psychology difference among the elementary school, the junior school and the high school. So there’s much difference of classroom teaching methods. But according to the investigation result, there’s stable factor for every stage development. So while teachers has done well in their class teaching, they should also pay attention to other grades’ teaching situation, including the material choice and the students’ usage. So as to have the most knowledge of future students, which can reduce the teaching blindness to make better teaching effect.
Literature:
1.《国家英语课程》(实验) 中华人发共和国教育部
2.张庆林 《当代认知心理学在教学中的应用》
3.张大均 《教学心理学》西南师范大学出版社
4.关文信主编 《新课程理念与初中英语课堂教学实施》首师大出版社出版
5.孙玉梅主编 《现代英语教学法》东北师大出版
6.何广铿著 《英语教学研究》广东高等教育出版社
7.《中小学外语教学》全国核心期刊
Teaching Skills, Nelson Thornes
Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom DUP 20_
How to Teach English Longman 1998.
The Practice of English Language Teaching Pearson Education Limited 20_
Teaching Language as communication DUP 1996
13.杨忠,张扬.国外英语教学流派及我国英语教学改革.长春:东北师范大学出版社,1999
14.薛中梁.英语课堂教学过程.合肥:安徽教育出版社,20_
这一条还可写作OBJEC-TIVES OF STUDY(研究的目的),有时OBJEC-TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION之内,而独立列为一项。多采用开门见山,直接点出目的方式。常见的用语有:The(major main,overall,broad,primary…)objectives(purpose goal,aim…)of this study(research,article,paper,project,experiment),were(was)… ；The study aims at doing something…。例:The objec-tive of this article was to suggest that pulmonaryimpedance rheograph is one of the methods for differen-tial diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and hyperthyroi-dism。本文的目的在于提示肺阻抗图是早期肺心病和甲状腺机能亢进的鉴别诊断方法之一。
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