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在执行上级党组织决定方面存在的问题及整改措施范文(通用6篇)
2023-06-15
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2023-03-18
2023-06-27
2023-07-05
2023-03-20
在执行上级党组织决定方面存在的问题及整改措施范文(通用6篇)
2023-06-15
the dujiangyan dam, 45km north of chengdu, is an ancient technological plete the project to check the mingjiang many years the river,flooded the chengdu agricultural area and local farmers suffered a lot from the atically diverts the mingjiang river and channels it into irrigation canals. for many years the dam has continued to make the most of the the main stream. during the dry season the fence doesn't e stone tablets, atically this project.
not far from the dujiang dam, a daoist temple complex memorate the benevolent rule of li bing and his son li bing,_when the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel. when the riverbeb is wide and shallow, dig it deeper._ the temple which is built near the mountaintop, is a popular stopping place for sightseers. there one can enjoy a unique view of the most modern parts of the water conservation project.
Nanjing Ming city wall built in the Ming Dynasty, which lasted 21 years built, do not follow the ancient capital to take a square or rectangular old system, unique design ideas, construction workmanship, majestic grand scale in Nanjing pregnant with beauty and landscape, meandering linger up to km , while the outer profile of the city wall of Nanjing city perimeter is more than 60 kilometers. Nanjing Ming City Wall is not only the country's largest city walls, and is the world's largest city walls, and was named the world's largest association of World Records walls. Nanjing Ming City Wall of China ancient military defense facilities, the city wall construction techniques epitomize work, regardless of historical value, ornamental value, archaeological and architectural design, scale, function and other aspects, the walls can not be compared to domestic and foreign, can be described as following the Chinese Great Wall of Qin after another historical wonders.
The Palace Museum is located on city center in is existing biggest, most integrity of thou building is been one of five greatest temples in the world by the fame.
The Palace Museum start to set up in , the Palace Museum have the size courtyard more than 90s and the house contain 980 and add up to Palace Museum surroundings surround 12 meters in height, long the Palace Museum wall of 3400 meters, form is one rectangular city defense, there is 52 meter wide moat outside the wall surround, formation a fortress of severe Palace Museum has 4 doors, center door Wu door, east door Donghua door, west door Xihua door, north door Shengwu door.
故宫位于北京市中心。中国现存最大、最完整的古建筑群。被誉为世界五大宫之一。
故宫始建于公元1406，故宫有大小院落90多座，房屋有980座，共计8704间。宫城周围环绕着高12米，长3400米的宫墙，形式为一长方形城池，墙外有52米宽的护城河环绕，形成一个森严壁垒的城堡。故宫
有4个门，正门名午门，东门名东华门，西门名西华门，北门名神武门。
北京故宫导游词作文一
各位游客，大家好!
欢迎大家到北京来作客，我叫方芳，大家可叫我方导。今天我将带领各位去游览世界闻名的故宫，希望我们能度过一段快乐的时光。
故宫是我国最大、最完整的皇宫，在世界上堪称最为壮丽的古代建筑群，己有近600年的历史。
故宫是我国明、清两代24个皇帝的皇宫，故宫的建筑布局分为外朝和内廷。外朝是皇帝举行大典和召见大臣的主要场所。其中建筑是太和殿、中和殿、保和殿这三大殿，文华殿和武英殿分立两侧。内廷是皇上处理日常政务和后宫嫔妃及幼年的皇子居住、游玩、奉神的地方。
故宫共有9000多间宫殿，雕梁画栋，殿宇辉煌，极尽华丽威严。故宫是我国古代建筑大师和能工巧匠非凡技术和丰富相象力的结晶。如：太和殿中有72根支柱，其中6根支柱是镀金的，上有金龙盘绕。透过栏杆往大殿里瞧，你们会瞧见大殿里金碧辉煌。宝座是镀金的，扶手是镀银的，4个香炉是用香木做的，真是富丽堂皇。太和殿后是中和殿，中和殿是皇帝休息的地方。最让你们惊叹的是保和殿后的一块石雕。石雕长16。57米，宽3。07米，厚1。7米，有200多吨重。上面雕着波涛汹涌的大海，腾云驾雾的飞龙。故宫真不愧为中国宝贵的文化遗产呀!
现在我给大家两个小时的自由参观时间。请大家面对我们祖先留下的这些文物时，要格外珍惜，小心，不要损坏，大家可以用照相机照下自己喜欢的部分。还有，除了照片，你什么也别带走，除了身影，你什么也别留下。
我们该回去了，希望大家喜欢北京，有机会再来北京参观其它20处文化遗产。
北京故宫导游词作文二
大家好!欢迎游客们到故宫观光游览。今天，我将带领大家游览故宫，希望游客们能喜欢我!
游客们!故宫博物院是在明、清两代皇宫紫禁城的基础上建立的一座集古代建筑群、宫廷收藏、历代文化艺术为一体的大型综合性博物馆。紫禁城占地面积约100多万平方米，建筑面积约1万平米。故宫里一共居住过24位皇帝，第一位是明代永乐皇帝朱棣，最后一位是清代宣统皇帝溥仪，统治全国长达491年。所以说故宫的历史非常悠久呢!
游客们，请往上看，这就是午门，在古代，杀什么人都要在午门前杀呢!从午门进去，我们就可以看到内金水桥。从内金水桥过去，过一个太和门，就可以看到宫廷原状陈列的太和殿、中和殿、保和殿，是皇帝听政的地方，宏伟之极。从保和殿出来，过一个乾清门，就来到乾清宫、交泰殿和坤宁宫，传说修故宫时，是为了能天下太平，才修的这三个地方呢。过了坤宁门，就是御花园，御花园里景色秀美，有许多奇形怪状的石头，遇到这些石头时，记住留影纪念喔!
再过了顺贞门和神武门，我们的故宫之游就结束了。回头看看这雄伟的故宫，是不是有些舍不得呢?
北京故宫导游词作文三
欢迎各位游客加入阳光之旅行列。我是这里的小小导游，现在，我带领大家共同游览，希望各位遵守秩序，不要拥挤，禁止照相。祝愿你们快乐地度过这美好时光!
明清的两代皇宫，也叫紫禁城。它始建于1406年，距今已有600年了。经过多个朝代的建造现在这故宫是目前保存最完好的故宫，也是规模最大的古代宫殿建筑群。
我说完历史，现在来说说它的布局吧。故宫南边是午门，北边是神武门，东边是东华门，西边是西华门，是结构精美的角样。多面的城墙有10米多高，护城河宽52米，长800米，既壮观有美丽。
文华殿是皇帝上早朝的地方。武英殿是皇帝吃饭、居住和会见大臣的地方。坤宁宫和乾清宫是皇帝、太后正式居住的地方，除了这些场所，还有后三宫和东西六宫。故宫在1961年被联合国教科文组织认为世界文化遗产。
我的介绍完了，我相信大家对故宫也有些了解了吧。祝大家玩得开心!
北京故宫导游词作文四
各位游客你们好!欢迎来到北京故宫观光旅游，希望大家通过我的介绍，对北京故宫留下美好的印象，谢谢!
现在展示在你们面前的就是气势雄伟的故宫。故宫位于北京中心，又称紫禁城，这里曾居住过24位皇帝，是明清两代的皇宫，北京故宫是我国现存最大、最完整的古建筑群，总面积在12万多平方米，有殿宇宫室9999间半，其中最有名的是三大殿和天安门，宫殿四周围着高10米、长340米的宫墙，墙外引人注目的护城河有52米宽。
dear visitors， everye incense sticks is very necessary,especially and touching his stomach can groent?
eventually,it cnes to the monkeys’ are many mokeys here and are all very cute and your food stay everye incense sticks is very necessary,especially and touching his stomach can groent?
eventually,it cnes to the monkeys’ are many mokeys here and are all very cute and your food stay with you ,or the monkey will grasp firmly on your food ,especially when the food give out pleasant are very smart and think you will love them.
ok,our journey cnes to the end so bet that we’re all enjoying the wonderful trip,aren’t we?that’s a big feast for our eyes and good-smelling flowers ,the singing birds and the clean rills and so believe that it will be an unforgettable memory for everyone ’s expect the next fascinating travelling!
good morning, ladies and gentlemen, e to china! e to hubei province!
today i am very pleased to shoeters, the yangtze river, next only to the amazon and the nile, isthe third biggest river in the e turbulent. sheer cliffs and steepmountains rise on either side, creating one of nature's most fantasticsights. the three gorges---qutang, eters. the gorgesvary from 300metres at their e of an ancient tribe e containingbronze seters along the other peaks on thenorthern bank to be the first to greet the morning sun and the last tobid it fare the zigzagging eters easte es es up to billion rmb, equals to billion . installed poic e back in the future, i hope to see you again and be your guideagain
The Red Star Pavilion in the Pipasha Park, the Kansheng Pavilion in the Eling Park, and a place called Yikeshu on the Nanshan Mountain are vintage points for observing the nocturnal scenes of the mountain city of Chongqing. At night the entire city is inundated in an ocean of lights, intang rule from November 1937 to October 1945. Vestiges of that period are still there in and around the include the Red Crag Village and 50 Zengjiayan, as intang) at the foot of the Gele Mountain in Shapingba District have become the mausoleum for those Chongqing to Yichang allobines sightseeing pted some European historians to laud Diaoyu City as the _Mecca of the East_ and _Where God broke his whip_. The ruins of the ancient battlefield of Diaoyu City are well kept there.
尊敬的省厅领导，代表们，朋友们：
青岛四月天：人气、花气、灵气，处处芬芳福气，生机盎然；青岛四月景：宜人、悦目、旖旎，风景迷人倾情，春意融融；我们荣幸地迎来了全省卫生系统档案管理培训班的召开，迎来了省厅领导和来自全省17个地市的代表和朋友们，我代表院长向这次会议表示热烈的祝贺，衷心欢迎省厅领导和兄弟单位的代表。
正是由于省厅领导对档案工作的高度重视，并给予我院在技术指导方面的大力帮助，才使我院的档案工作有了长足的发展和全面的提升。对此，我代表青疗，向省厅领导，特别是省厅办公室的各位领导和同志们表示诚挚的谢意。虽然我们的工作与兄弟单位相比还有很大的差距，但我们希望通过这次宝贵的学习机会，虚心向兄弟单位请教学习，加快我院档案管理工作再上一个新台阶，衷心希望各位领导和代表们，能给我院档案管理工作提出宝贵意见。
会议期间，我们将尽最大努力竭诚为会务和代表们做好服务工作。另外，现在正是我们青岛的旅游季节，会后，希望朋友们能通过游览参观青岛，让青岛、让疗养院与您结缘，成为您的朋友，让我们彼此建立起密切的工作和伙伴关系，我们随时欢迎并恭候兄弟单位朋友们的光临和指导。
我祝本次培训班圆满成功，并祝各位同仁身体健康，精神愉快！
谢谢各位！
【关键词】游戏;场景;故事;情境
在初中英语教学过程中，教师创设生活化的情境，让学生在真实的情景中感悟语言的含义，在有趣的教学活动中获得启发，在实践性的体验中语言能力得到锻炼，极大提升初中英语教学有效性。在积极参与课堂活动的同时，学生的自信心得到增强，他们感受到成功带来的喜悦，这种成就感是激励他们不断进取的强大学习动力。合理的情景教学可以激活课堂气氛，让学生在轻松愉悦的氛围中掌握相关知识，能够发现自己的优势，也会发现自己的不足，力求弥补。
一、引入游戏，营造趣味情境
初中学生心智还不成熟，在游戏情境中进行教学是他们非常喜欢的一种教学方式。为了让他们快速高效地掌握所学语言知识，教师可以把不同形式的游戏引入课堂。绕口令、文字接龙、改编课文为话剧到台前表演、英文歌曲比赛、猜谜语等都是在初中英语课堂比较受欢迎的游戏活动。初中生争强好胜，谁都不甘心落后于他人，每个人都表现出学习主动性，积极参与游戏。
如在牛津初中英语 8A Unit 1 Friends 这一课的教学过程时，我精心安排了一个趣味 “猜猜看”的小游戏。首先我要求学生仔细观察班内每个同学的体貌特征，然后组织游戏，让学生用课本上给出的描写人物特征的词汇和句型描述班里的某个同学，再让其他人认真听并且“猜猜看”所对应的应该是哪一位同学。在游戏中，同学们学会了描述人物的句型：She is slim and has short hair. / He is a tall boy in our class and he is generous. 此外，游戏还帮助学生们牢记了下列生词：generous，smart，willing，round，ready，sense，humor等。
教师可以在课前预先安排活动，给学生充足的时间做准备工作，在认真准备的过程中，学生进行大量的操练，无形中巩固了词汇句型知识，又提高了英语的交际能力。教师所引入的游戏，要符合初中学生的年龄特点和心理特点，难度适中，才能实现把教学融入游戏，在游戏中提高教学。
二、模拟场景，营造真实情境
生活是最好的教科书，结合生活实际模拟场景可以拉近现实与课堂的距离，让学生明白英语的实用性。体验到英语在日常生活中的实用价值，他们就会更加喜欢这个学科。因此，贴近生活创设教学情境是初中英语教师的明智选择，教师要模拟学生熟悉的、经常出入的场景，力求教学情境的真实性，营造鲜活生动的语言学习情景。
如在教学牛津初中英语7B Unit 3 Finding your way这一单元时，由于马路上不安全，所以不便带学生到真实的场景练习问路的句型。于是我把全班同学带领到宽阔的学校操场上，并且模拟我们学校周边的建筑和交通，在操场上用简笔画画出纵横交错的马路、主要建筑和十字路口，然后根据我们所模拟的仿真教学情境，组织学生进行对话训练。我先跟一个学生展开对话，做示范，再引导学生与学生互动练习，很快大家就掌握了下列句型： Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to the railway station？ Go along this street，then turn left at the second crossing. 从开始的机械操练到后来的灵活应用，同学们把语言学活了、学精了。
由于初中学生学习英语的过程中缺乏语言环境，很多学生都持有迷茫的疑问，认为学习这门课程没有什么用。教师的情境模拟教学正好使这个问题迎刃而解。场景模拟给学生提供了真实有效的学习环境，使他们领悟并亲身体验到学以致用的道理。
三、穿插故事，营造快乐情境
对于任何年龄段的学生来说，对听故事的热衷都无可否认，初中生也不例外，他们特别喜欢老师在课堂中讲故事，即使在打盹犯困的时候，一看到老师要讲故事，立即精神振作，听课津津有味。因此，教师不妨经常在课堂穿插趣味故事来创设教学情境，以此吸引学生的注意力，调动他们的学习积极性，一边听故事，一边精准掌握教学内容。
如在教学牛津初中英语7B Unit 7 Shopping 的过程中，我发现很多学生对这个句型 “There’ s a…in /at /near /on/ in front of /behind…” 不是很会运用，大多数同学都能够记住这些方位介词的读音，但是对它们所表示的具置关系总是产生混淆。仅仅让他们死记硬背是行不通的，于是我冥思苦想之后，决定通过一个故事加深学生们对这几个词的印象，帮助他们掌握这其用法。我想到了《狼来了》这个家喻户晓的小故事，并且我把这几个方位词融入了故事中，还用多媒体配上了动画： 第一次小孩欺骗大人说： “There is a wolf on the hill.”第二次撒谎说in the forest，第三次behind the tree……
Hello, I am your little guide.
Today I will take you to visit huangshan.
Speak of the _four unique_ huangshan ranked first, of course, is loose.
Huangshan pine has a very strong force.
They are not afraid of cold, evergreen, shape differences, dazzle you.
The second is the stone.
The stones are various of huangshan.
There are more than 120 have been named after the peak.
Some wings like a big cock crows, so named _golden call tianmen_, some like five old man dressed in robes, the so called _five old heaven all_.
The third is the hot spring.
We often make peace visit hot springs is a former mountain huangshan hot spring hotel, in ancient times called essence, Wells from purple stone mountain.
Keep the spring all the year round in 42 degrees, water quality is very good, but not to drink.
Finally, we come to huangshan sea of clouds.
The cloud of huangshan is different from the usual, like the flood water.
Well, today is here, welcome to visit huangshan next time.
Good morning/afternoon/evening, ladies and gentlemen.
It”s my pleasure to have friends from afar. Welcome to Confucius hometown—Shandong Province. Please sit back and relax. Your luggage will be sent to the hotel by another bus, so you don”t have to worry about it.
Let me introduce my team first. Mr. Wang is our driver. He has 20 years of driving under his belt, so you”re in very safe hands. Miss. Li, a recent college graduate, is a trainee tour guide. My name is Zeng Zhaoxi, but you may just call me Zeng, which is my surname. The surname is the same as Zencius, one of Confucius famous disciples. We”re from Shandong China Youth Travel Service (CYTS). On behalf of CYTS Shandong and our colleagues, I”d like to extend a warm welcome to you.
During your stay in our province, Miss. Li and I will be your local guides. We”ll do everything possible to make your visit a pleasant experience. If you have any problems or requests, please don”t hesitate to let us know. We will do everything in our power to smooth them away.
As you will be staying in our province for eight days, you”d better remember the number of our bus. The number is 20_6. Let”s repeat it together: 20_6. And besides that, your cooperation will be highly appreciated. Thank you.
Now we are traveling in Jinan downtown area. We will reach the hotel soon. After you get off the bus, you”ll be warmly welcomed by the hotel”s attendants and enjoy very convenient services. You know Shandong people have the tradition of hospitality. I hope you will enjoy your stay in the hotel. Thank you for your attention. Now please take the valuables with you and get off the bus one by one.
Cloisonne is a famous traditional enamel ware, known as the Blue of Jingtai in China, with a history of over 500 years. it was so called blue was the typical colour used for enamelling and Jingtai was the reign title of the 7th Ming Emperor. Enamel ware became very popular during the Emperors reign. There is a great variety of products, such as vase, jar, bowl,plate, box and ash-tray. They are brilliant in colours and splendid in design.
Cloisonne is one of the famous arts and crafts of making of cloisonne requires rather elaborate and complicated processes; base-hammering, copper-strip inlay, soldering, enamel-filling, enamel-firing, polishing and gilding. The products are featured by excellent quality. The skill and workmanship have been handed down from the Ming Dynasty. Quite a number of new varieties have been created. it enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad. They are mostly for export.
vince, is probably the most famous.
Originally known as it was renamed in 747 AD in recognition of the legendary Huang Di, who was the reputed ancestor of the Chinese people and who made magic pills for immortality here.
Wu yue is the collective name given to China’s most important mountains, namely Mt.
Taishan in Shandong Province, in Shaanxi Province, in Shanxi Province, in Henan Province and in Hunan Province.
It is said that you won’t want to visit any other mountains after seeing wu yue but you won’t wish to see even wu yue after returning from .
This saying may give you some idea of the beauty and uniqueness of .
Together with the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Great Wall, has become one of the great symbols of China.
can boast not only of its magnificence but also its abundant resources and great variety of zoological species, for which it has been listed as a World Natural and Cultural Heritage Site.
emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum and the terra-cotta otion the development of economy and culture. they had a great and deep influence upon china’s 2,000 year old feudal society.
emperor qin shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. as a result, china’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. those events one palace to the other. often nobody kneb, were enclosed alive.
emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum has not yet been excavated. what looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. however, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum was.
中外游人都讲究“第一印象”，而致欢迎词是给客人留下“第一印象”的极佳机会，我们应当努力展示自己的艺术风采，使“良好开端”成为“成功的一半”。
任何艺术、技巧，都有一定的“规范”和“要素”，那么，“欢迎词”的“规范”和“要素”是什么呢?规范化的“欢迎词”应包括五大要素。
（1）表示欢迎，即代表接待社、组团社向客人表达欢迎之意。
（2）介绍人员，即介绍自己，介绍参加接待的领导、司机和所有人员。
（3）预告节目，即介绍一下城市的概况和在当地将游览的节目。
（4）表示态度，即愿意为大家热情服务、努力工作，确保大家满意。
（5）预祝成功，即希望得到游客支持与合作，努力使游览获得成功，祝大家愉快、健康欢迎词切忌死板，切忌沉闷，如能风趣、自然，会缩短与游客的距离，使大家很快成为朋友，熟悉起来。
另外，欢迎词注意汲取一些谚语、名言，充满文采，会收到很好效果，下面一些言语，可参考使用:“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎”;“千年修得同船渡”;“千里有缘来相会”;“世界像部书，如果您没出外旅行，您可只读了书中之一页，现在您在我们这里旅行，让我们共同读好这中国的一页”。
除了注重欢迎词的文采之外，有些导游创造的言语，越琢磨越感艺术性强，值得我们学习。埃及一位63岁的老导游，在为中国旅游代表团担任导游致欢迎词时有这样一句:“在今后的导游中，如果有什么地方我讲得不清楚，欢迎先生们提出来，我将努力讲清楚……”大家感觉一下，他这句话令人听后是愉快的。
其实，大家都知道，有时并不是导游讲得不清楚，而是游客精神不集中而没听清楚，但他将责任归为自己了，把愉快也留给了游客，听者如何不高兴呢?这比我们一些导游说的“如果你有问题，我可以给你讲明白”不是高明多了吗?文采固然好，含蓄也令人回味，但有时平平淡淡，也令人感到平淡中出艺术，显技巧。
现在让我们听听香港一位十佳导游开场的欢迎词:“各位早晨好，欢迎大家光临香港。我是王××，今天非常高兴有机会与各位一起游览九龙和新界。这个观光节目全程70英里，需时五个钟头。
各位如果有什么问题，请随便提出，我将尽我所知为各位解答。祝大家今天旅程愉快并喜欢我们导游介绍!”大家的欢迎词，若注意以上这些，并切实做好，我们认为这样就会令游客有个美好的“第一印象”，也使“行”有了良好的开端。
三、“欢送词”———行的小结，终生难忘送别是导游接待工作的尾声。这时导游与游客已熟悉，还有的成了朋友。如果说“欢迎 词”给游客留下美好的第一印象是重要的，那么我们认为，在送别时致好“欢送词”，给游 客留下的最后的印象将是深刻的、持久的、终生难忘的!经过几十年的总结归纳，我们中国导游认为，有水平、符合规范的“欢送词”，应有五个要素，共20个字，这就是:表示惜别，感谢合作，小结旅游，征求意见，期盼重逢。
所谓“表示惜别”，是指欢送词中应含有对分别表示惋惜之情、留恋之意，讲此内容时，面部表情应深沉，不可嬉皮笑脸，要给客人留下“人走茶更热”之感。
“感谢合作”，是指感谢在旅游中游客给予的支持、合作、帮助、谅解，没有这一切，就难保证旅游的成功。
“小结旅游”，是指与游客一起回忆一下这段时间所游览的项目、参加的活动，给游客一种归纳、总结之感，将许多感官的认识上升到理性的认识，帮助游客提高。
“征求意见”，是告诉游客，我们知有不足，经大家帮助，下一次接待会更好!“期盼重逢”，是指要表达对游客的情谊和自己的热情，希望游客成为回头客。“欢送词”除文采之外，更要讲“情深”、“意切”，让游客终生难忘。
我国的一位从事近40年导游的英文导游，在同游客告别时，为体现“期盼重逢”，他说:“中国有句古语，叫做„两山不能相遇，两人总能相逢‟，我期盼着不久的将来，我们还会在中国，也可能在贵国相会，我期盼着，再见，各位!”也许这位老导游的话和他的热诚太感人了，时至今日，每年圣诞节、新年，贺年卡从世界各地向他飞来，有不少贺年卡，甚至是他一二十年前接待的客人的贺年卡，上面工工整整地用英文手写着“Greetngs From Another Mountain”（来自另一座山的问候）。
由此可见，一篇讲艺术的欢送词，几句情深、意切，又有文采的话，会给游客留下多么深远的印象!另外，还有一点要特别注意:有经验的导游在话别游客之后，他们都会等“飞机上天，轮船离岸，火车出站，挥手告别”，才离现场，“仓促挥手，扭头就走”，会给游客留下“是职业导游，不是有感情的导游”，是“人一走，茶就凉”的导游。我们千万莫当此样的导游!
The fantastic Li River is the important component of Guilin scenery. It is located at Mountain Cat in Xinan county in the northeast of was 170 kilometres long , passing through guilin, Yangshuo then to Gongchen river in Pingle county.
Li River, between Guilin and Yangshuo, was 84 kiometers like a jade ribbon winding among thousands of the hills. Along the river, the rolling peaks, steep cliffs,green hills and clear water constitue a fascinating hundred-mile pictures gallery.
Li River scenery is known to all not only for its green hills, clear water, fantastic caves and spectacular rocks but also for its
wonderful deep pools, springs and , people can enjoy the different beauties of Li River scenery at different seasons and weathers. In fine days, reflections of the hills in clear and greenish water are specially pleasing to the eyes, but it is more charming under rainy and foggy weather. The hazy view of the
drizzling rain and lingering clouds give birth to a wonderful paradise for tourists.
Each of the four seasons on Mt. Huangshan has their respective beauty but even this can vary from day to day thanks to variations in the es in April but its onset is delayed by three days for every 100 meters as you climb the mountain. Therefore, their es a pose an exciting and vigorous symphony. The Sea of Clouds during this season is not as vast as during autumn or pared , autumn is a floical time for visiting Mt Huangshan as the prices for hotels and the entry fee are lopared to those of the peak season. Hoeters eter from east to others. Cave 1 and Cave 2 have suffered from rigors of time and the the second group ranging from Cave 5 to Cave art manifests its best in this group. Cave 5 contains a seated Buddha birth to the attainment of nirvana is carved in the pagoda plex and each one symbolizes an emperor from the Northern Wei Dynasty and the subject of _Emperor is the Buddha_ is embodied. The caves from No. 21 onpare to their better preserved counterparts.
Today e, everyone!
Before of NanZhao, Duansiping Established the Kingdom of Dali. “li” this Chinese e and from abroad to pay a visit. For example, the Cangsang mountain, Erhai lake, Dali Ancient city and the Three Pagodas are all important resorts in Dali. And e of their customs and habits are quite similar to those of the Han people. As our bus keeps moving on toous Prefecture. As the largest city in the eters ic and cultural center of Dali, as this, bricks.
The three pagodas have a history of more than 1,000 years. They have e herbs, totaling more than 600 pieces.
These three pagodas make a beautiful picture. If seen from a far distance, you other statues of观音in other places around China. What's the difference? Please look at it clearly. It's face looks like a an's face, and it's body resembles a man' s body. This feature can not be found in other statue.
After visiting the temple, we will go to enjoy the scenery of Cangshan mountain and Erhai Lake, Ok ,Let's go, everyone.
[daxiong precious hall]daxiong precious hall was also called large buddha hall ,it is the main building in xiantong temple and also the center of the whole temple. in the hall is worshipped the horizontal buddha of the third generation . daxiong was the honorific title of sakyamuni, saying he was “a warrior fearing nothing ” the hall was built in the architectural form with the wood structure as primary part and the upper four ca-shaped roofs and lower four extending corridors as secondary ,with 108 wood columns supporting the whole large hall and the walls having only the function of shielding off the wind and resisting the cold ,when you enter the hall ,you will feel that it is very spacious .this hall occupies a land of mu and is the largest daxiong precious hall in xutai mountain ,it is also the place for holding grand buddhist activities in the temple .this is the first feature of xiantong temple ccomplete wood structure.
[beamless hall]beamless hall is a white complete-brick architectural structure .it was built by completely laying up bricks without use of beams and hence its name “beamless hall ” ,it looks like a european cstyle building in appearance and was painted white .white represents pureness in the west ,while symbolizes the buddhist pure land and boundless brightness here .since this hall is mot supported bybeams and columns ,the weight of hall top is borne by the thick and heavy wall bodies on four sides ,to form a sharp contrast with form of emulating wood structure ,and the brick-laid round columns and dipper clike arches and carved extending raves embody ty chinese and west styles .the whole large hall seems to have 7 rooms when you are looking externally ,but actually it has only 3 rooms . it looks like having two floors when you are looking outdoors but ,internally , it is a one-storeyed building ,the interior of the hall adapted the form of internal dipper clike arch ,which is reduced floor by floor to form a roof style of natural vault .this large hall was built in the thirty cseventh year of wanly period , ming dynasty and has a history of nearly 400 years till now .this is the second feature of xiantong temple-architecture of complete brick structure .in the middle of hall is worshipped lushena buddha ,the body statue of the ancestor of buddha and stands duohao buddha pagoda ,the thirteen cstoreyed wood pagoda of ming dynasty, which is also the only wood pagoda in wutai mountain .beamless hall was also caked “seven-place and nine-meeting hall”, which means that sakyamuni has taught scriptures in seven places for 9 times ,therefore ,it looks like having seven rooms.[thousand alms cbowl wenshu hallthe wenshu with one thousand alms bowls ,one thousand hands and one thousand sakyas worshipped in thousand alms cbowl hall may be rated a rare rush in the casting history .it was cast in the ninth year of wanly period ,ming dynasty through designing and financing fund s by hanshan himself ,a grand master of the age .
Abstract： Cultural translation theory attaches importance on the combination of cross-cultural communication and translation. Based on cultural translation theory， taking the translations of Qinghai Province tourist sceneries as examples， this paper analyses the translation strategies and their application. The translation will be more customary with the target readers and the ideas of the source language will be better conveyed.
关键词：文化翻译理论；旅游英语；翻译策略
Key words： cultural translation theory；tourist English；translation strategies
0 引言
随着青海省经济的快速发展，旅游业也已前所未有的速度蓬勃发展起来，青海悠久的历史，博大精深的文化吸引了越来越多的外国游客来青旅游。如何将青海独特的自然风貌和文化信息传递给外国游客，旅游英语翻译起着至关重要的作用。它不仅是国家间旅游沟通的桥梁，更是承载着东西方文化交流的使命。纵观青海旅游英语翻译，存在问题颇多，主要有语言问题和文化误译问题。要解决这些问题，必须提出可行性的翻译策略。
1 文化翻译理论综述
2 旅游英语翻译中汉英语言和文化差异
汉英民族有着不同的文化背景、价值观念和思维方式，因此在语言文体特色和风格上也不尽相同。文化的差异不言而喻。
语言差异
汉语属于汉藏语系，具有分析性，表意性，形与意结合的特点。中国人注重整体上的感官认识，直觉思维占主导地位，喜欢用华丽的辞藻，四字格成语，讲究文庄工整对仗，喜欢引经据典。它追求文学色彩的艺术美感，而非事实性的描述。
英语属于印欧语系，具有综合性，表音性，重型合的特点。西方人注重逻辑思维，喜欢分析推理，理性成分起主导。因此，英语旅游文本大多严谨，简约，行文措辞简单明了，不用过多的华丽辞藻，避免描述语言的刻意渲染。因此，在翻译时，没有必要逐字逐句地翻译，只需要将想要表达的意思说清楚就行了。
文化差异
语言是文化的载体，是文化的反映，文化的传播是靠语言的。旅游资料的翻译不应该只是语言间的转换，更应该是文化层面的诠释，是一种文化的解码。中国文化受到儒家思想和佛教文化的影响深远，而西方文化受基督教影响深远，它的根基是欧洲文艺复兴时期的思想。
文化差异主要是指文化冲突与文化缺省，文化冲突指原词语所载的文化信息与目标语的对应词语所载的文化信息是相反矛盾的。文化缺省指原语中所承载的文化信息词在目标语中没有对等词，出现空缺。
3 翻译策略探究
音译
音译是指在译文中保留原始的发音（即汉语拼音），在旅游英语翻译中，适合于音译的有专有名词，如人名，地名以及一些表示新的概念而本族语中又找不到对应的词语的情形。例如，青海湖景区简介中，将二郎剑翻译为Erlang Sword scenery，二郎音译，剑意译，将原本为一个概念的东西分开译，目的语读者必定不知所云。所以，直接采用音译的翻译策略，将其译为：Erlangjian scenery即可。
意译
意译主要在原语与译语体现巨大文化差异的情况下使用。从跨文化交际的角度来看，意译强调的是译语文化体系和原语文化体系的相对独立性。大量的实例说明，意译的使用体现出不同语言民族在文化方面的差异性。意译更能够体现出本民族的语言特征。例如一些公示语的翻译。“小草也有情，脚下请留情”，“水边危险，请勿戏水”。这是西宁市海棠公园的两个公示语。它们的翻译分别是：_Small grass also has feelings， please show your mercy.__Waterside is dangerous， do not play with water！_这两句话都是按照字面翻译，看似正确，却忽视了译语文化与原语文化的差异，殊不知，在国外，草地上是可以走、坐的。所以这里建议使用意译的方法，将两句话翻译为：keep off the grass；No Swimming即可。
音译加解释
由于频繁使用音译严重影响景点名称的翻译质量，尽失其深远的历史背景及文化含义，不能激发游客对景点的兴趣，因此在必要的时候，可采用音译加解释的方法。例如，倒淌河可译为：Daotang River──regorging River，狗浇尿可译为：Goujiaoniao──a kind of deep fried pen-cake。
增译
增译是指适当地增添理解原文内容所必须的背景知识，如介绍人物身份及其历史贡献，介绍相关历史典故等。例如在青海湖景区介绍时，对于福娃迎迎、吉祥四瑞都应做增译，因为他们有特殊的背景与含义，如果只是按照字面意思翻译，外国游客必定不知所云，因此可以采用增译的方法，添加背景知识的介绍，将其翻译为：福娃迎迎：Fuwa Yingying（one of the five mascots of Beijing Olympics. Yingying is the Tibetan Antelope and he is a quick-witted and agile boy who represents the yellow Olympic ring）；吉祥四瑞：the statue of four Auspicious Animals（A legend says a cuckoo carries a seed， a rabbit digged a hole and sowed the seed， then a monkey enclosed the hole with a fence， at last an elephant watered the seed. Finally， the seed grew up and became a towering legend means good harvests and longevity of people，auspiciousness and happiness.）。
减译
由于中西方语言文体风格上的差异，汉语喜欢用华丽的辞藻，四字格成语，讲究文庄工整对仗，喜欢引经据典。它追求文学色彩的艺术美感，而非事实性的描述。相反，西方人擅长逻辑思维，喜欢分析推理。英语旅游文本大多严谨，简约，行文措辞简单明了，不用过多的华丽辞藻，避免描述语言的刻意渲染。因此，在进行汉英旅游文本翻译时，在忠实于原文的基础上适当地删减或更改，没有必要将描述性词汇一一译出。还是以西宁海棠园翻译为例：在介绍海棠花时，有这样一句话：_The crabapple has the reputation of 'the God of Flowers'，'flower imperial concubine'，'Flower dignity' for its natural and unrestrained flower appearance， blossoming like brocade_其汉语意思为”海棠花姿潇洒，花开似锦，素有‘花中神仙’，‘华贵妃’，‘花尊贵’之称。这个汉语中看似词汇优美，比喻贴切的句子在外国人眼里_It doesn't make sense._（什么都没有表达）根据适度删减原则，可将其译为：The crabapple is known as 'the God of Flowers'，'flower imperial concubine and 'flower dignity' for its natural and beautiful blossoming quality.
类比
类比是一种寻找两种不同事物最佳关联点的译法。“人类认知的一个基本思维模式就是通过已知的知识借助类比手段推理出尚不为人所知的客观事物的属性和本质，达到认知的目的。”[4]例如，将昆仑神话中的九天玄女比作希腊神话中的Athene（_），九天玄女是中国神话中的战神，而Athene（_）则是希腊神话中的代表智慧的战争女神，二者有相似的地方。这种跨文化的类比手法使外国游客将异国陌生的文化与本国熟悉的历史人物或典故联系起来，可以消除陌生感，有效地达到交际和文化传播的目的。
4 结语
跨文化旅游翻译集翻译和文化于一身。它不仅是不同语言之间的转换，更是不同文化的解码。在文化翻译理论的指导下，各国翻译学家都提出了各自的翻译理论，而没有一个理论能试用于所有的翻译文本，在具体地翻译实践中，需要根据各自的特殊情况，将这些理论结合起来，寻找合适的翻译策略。在旅游英语翻译中，采用音译、意译、增译、减译、类比等方法可以避免因语言差异和文化差异导致的障碍，从而使跨文化交际顺利地进行。
参考文献：
[1]Susan Bassnett and Andre Lefevere. Constructing Cultures：Susan Bassnett and Andre Lefevere[M].Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign language Education Press， 1998，123.
[2]Eugene A. Nida. Language， Culture and Translating[M].Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign language Education Press， 20_，82.
Each visitor:
How are you, welcome you to to pull a Sa tour, I am your guide**.
The cloth reaches to pull a temple to be located in interborough capital in Tibet to pull northwest suburban area in the Sa City about two
The cloth day of thousand meters place[red]top of the people heart that hides to spread Buddhism in the local faith, this knoll as if the kwanyin boddhisattva live of the mountain of Pu Tuo, as a result use to hide language to call that this pulls for cloth reaching.(Pu idea of Tuo)The cloth reaches to pull a temple repeatedly, the circuit fold and blends with mountain body together, high towering sign, sublime Wei le wall red and white intermingled, temple crest magnificent, have a strong art is the sign that pulls Sa city, also the symbol of the huge creative power of people in Tibet, the precious wealth that Tibet constructs an art, also cultural inheritance of the mankind of the one and only snow area language to be called _great Mu Lin Jian Ji_, the meaning is value to arrive first half world.
欢迎词
尊敬的各位领导、各位来宾，女士们、先生们： 大家好！
七月的坝上，千山披翠，百花盛开。在这个激情洋溢的美丽夏日，我们相聚在这里举行承德坝上景区自驾车旅游推介会，有这么多嘉宾和朋友莅临，深感荣幸。在此，我谨代表木兰围场旅游开发有限公司向各位嘉宾和朋友表示热烈的欢迎！
来到坝上，完美的生态环境一定会让您陶醉。浩瀚的林海，广袤的草原，清澈的河流，明净的高原湖泊处处展示着大自然的美好，展示着生态旅游的勃勃生机。坝上发展旅游业以来，客源地遍及30个省、市及世界上10多个国家和地区，累计接待中外游客200万人次，自驾游比例占70%以上。20_年，在中国自驾车旅游100强目的地评选活动中坝上进入前50强。先后评为“河北最美的地方”、“中国最佳文化生态旅游目的地”、“百姓最喜爱的魅力景区”等殊荣。 围场坝上不但是首都的风沙屏障，也是人们崇尚自然、回归自然、近距离接触生态的好去处。这次坝上草原自驾车低碳骑行活动既能使大家放飞心情，又能助推低碳生活理念，我们欢迎这种健康的出游方式，让我们共同参与低碳出行活动，让低碳出行成为一种意识，成为一种文化，成为一种习惯，成为坝上一道亮丽的风景线。
最后，祝大家骑得开心、游的畅快。祝此次活动取得圆满成功。
谢谢大家！
【关键词】英语；教学；激发；兴趣
英语教学的目的首先是激发学习英语的兴趣，是学生产生愉快学习的兴趣。爱因斯坦有句名言：“只有兴趣才是最好的老师”。斯霍姆林斯基说：“所有智力方面的工作都要依赖与兴趣”。可见学习兴趣在传授知识过程中是何等重要的。深厚的兴趣会使学生产生积极的学习态度，推动学生兴致勃勃的去学习，特别是英语教学，教师更应该努力激发学生学习英语的兴趣，因势利导，变被动为主动学习，从而达到理想的教学效果。在此，笔者谈一点粗浅的认识，即如何设计多样性课堂教学活动。
一、 编押韵诗
为了让学生牢记所学单词，我教学生说押韵诗。例如，在教四个季节时，我编了一个顺口溜：
二、音乐节奏
教师应该牢牢抓住学生天真活泼、好唱好动的特点，积极挖掘教材本身所蕴含的快乐因素，创造快乐的学习方法。唱歌曲可以满足学生好奇好玩的心理，使学生的注意力保持稳定、持久，思维残能活跃。例如，在教各行各业单词时，我运用音乐节奏。worker， worker是工人，工人上班在工厂。Farmer， farmer是农民。司机司机 driver，driverdriverdriver。
三、做游戏
英语教学游戏的基本特征是在游戏中学习知识，所以在教师在课堂上安排新颖、有趣的游戏，充分调动学生积极因素，参与到游戏中来，从而激发学生的学习兴趣。游戏的形式要多变，俗话说“把戏不可久玩”，再好玩的游戏玩过几次就没有新鲜感了，自然学生的兴趣也就消退，教师要利用多种契机，不断设计，翻新游戏一促进学生的积极参与。游戏的最终目的是让学生掌握语言知识，所以要注意把教材内容和学生实际相结合，增强游戏的针对性和指导性。如：练习用英语数数，复习学过的人体器官的英文单词，锻炼学生的注意力和快速反应力。首先告诉学生，老师说“one”时，学生用手指头发并讲出“hair”。老师说“two”时，学生指脸并说出“face”。three─耳朵─ear，four─眼睛─eye，five─鼻子─nose，six─嘴─mouth，seven─双肩─shoulder， eight─腿─leg，nine─手─hand，ten─脚─foot。经过反复练习，熟练以后可以让一名学生来数数，其余学生找相应的器官，讲出英语单词，并可以抢答。要求学生手口一致，教师数数时应由慢至快，并注意学生讲的是否正确。
四、 情境演示
在课堂上，或由老师充当示范表演者，或有学生配合形成灵活的直观“教具”，再运用适当的身世语，传授或巩固有关知识。例如：复习现在进行时，找几位学生到教室的后面表演不同动作，教师或者学生分别问：Whatareyoudoing？ I amswimming. What is hedoing? Heisplaying thepiano.这样，在相似的情境中，很好的运用和理解了句型。
五、 对话表演
The word _hutong_ means _water well_ in Mongolian. The Mongolians keep thenomadic tradition of settling down around springs or wells. A hutong is the passage formed by lines of siheyuan ( four-side enclosed courtyards). Strictly, hutong alleys are less than nine meters wide. Most hutongs in Beijing run in an east-west or north-south direction, with most houses facing south to take in as much sunshine as possible.
A standard siheyuan usually consists of houses on its four sides with a yard in the center. The gates are usually painted red and have large copper door rings. Usually, a whole family lives in compound. The elder generation lives in the main house standing at the north end, the younger generations live in the side houses, and the south house is usually the family sitting room or study.
Hutong joins hutong, and siheyuan meets siheyuan to form a block. Blocks join with blocks to form the whole residential constructions.
Welcome to CHINA, Welcome to SHENZHEN
Please sit back and relax, Your luggage will be sent to the hotel by another bus,so you do not have to worry about it.
Let me introduce my team first. Mr x is our driver,He has 20years of driving underhis belt, so we are in very safe hands. I always call my English name is xxx,my Chines
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