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2023-07-05
2023-06-18
2023-07-05
2023-06-29
2023-03-19
语法知识是语言运用过程中需要遵循的原则和规范,因此,语法知识点的学习并不能够仅仅对语法知识点有所识记,更为重要的是能够正确地运用。能够将所学的语法知识点运用到具体的对话之中,运用到英语阅读理解以及写作之中,才是成功的。所以,在语法教学的过程中,教师还要注意多引导学生将语法知识进行运用。借助运用才能够提升学生的英语水平和语言运用能力。例如:在完成了begoodat、bewellin这两个句式的学习后,学生不仅要能够明白这两个句式之间的区别,begoodat是表示擅长做什么,用于一般时,而dowellin则是指在某方面做得好,可以用于各种时态。然后,教师可以要求学生用这两个词组进行造句训练:Sheisgoodatsinging.=.这样才可以引导学生将所学的知识点贯彻到日常的学习过程中,从而更好地促进学生的认识和促进学生的发展,继而更好地做好初中英语的语法教学工作。
Abstract
第1章 绪论
1-1 研究背景
1-1-1 教育部和社会对大学英语提出的要求
1-1-2 MOOC与翻转课堂的全球化兴起及应用
1-2 相关研究现状
1-2-1 我国专业英语的教学现状
1-2-2 视频在听力教学中研究现状
1-2-3 MOOC与翻转课堂混合教学的现状
1-3 研究问题的提出
1-4 研究的意义
1-5 研究目标与内容
1-5-1 研究目标
1-5-2 研究内容
1-6 研究方法与思路
1-6-1 研究方法
1-6-2 研究思路
第2章 相关概念界定及理论基础
2-1 相关概念界定
2-1-1 MOOC
2-1-2 翻转课堂
2-2 相关理论基础
2-2-1 掌握学习理论
2-2-2 输入假设理论
2-2-3 多模态理论
第3章 基于国外MOOC视频的《教育技术专业英语》翻转课堂教学设计
3-1 前期调研
3-1-1 教师方面
3-1-2 学生方面
3-1-3 调研总结
3-2 课程目标设定
3-3 课程资源选择
3-4 交流平台的确定
3-5 教学过程设计
3-5-1 课前活动设计模块
3-5-2 课上活动设计模块
第4章 国外MOOC视频在《教育技术专业英语》教学中的实施与效果
4-1 教学实施
4-1-1 实施准备
4-1-2 实施过程
4-2 数据收集
4-2-1 收集方法
4-2-2 收集与分析工具
4-3 实施后的效果分析
4-3-1 观察结果与分析
4-3-2 问卷数据与分析
4-3-3 访谈结果与分析
4-3-4 专业英语听力成绩分析
第5章 研究结论与讨论
5-1 研究结论
5-1-1 本课程教学方式能够促进学生专业英语听力的较快提升
5-1-2 在以视听为主的课程教学中,MOOC视频的选择是关键
5-1-3 本课程教学方式有利于提升学生对课程教学的认同度
5-2 研究中存在的不足
5-3 讨论
5-3-1 严格按照翻转的理念,合理控制教师讲授时间
5-3-2 精心选择MOOC视频资源
5-3-3 加强课前学习监管
5-3-5 扩大教学目标,设计更多样化的课堂学习活动
5-3-6 完善教学评价方式
5-4 结语
参考文献
攻读学位期间所获成果
Acknowledgements 4-6
Contents 6-10
List of Figures 10-12
List of Tables 12-20
Abstract 20-22
摘要 23-25
Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32
Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29
Significance of the study 29-30
Organization of the study 30-31
A note on terminology 31-32
Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51
T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35
Defining coherence 32-33
T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42
T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37
T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42
T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44
The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47
Training in T/TP 47-49
Summary 49-51
Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70
Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55
Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53
Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54
Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55
Theme and thematic progression 55-70
Theme 56-62
Thematic progression 62-70
Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88
The participants and the educational context 70-73
Background of the participants and the participating school 70
The allocation of participants to the training 70-71
The sample sizes 71-72
The pilot study 72-73
The interventional procedures 73-74
The questionnaire 74-75
The training 75-80
Considerations behind the training 75-76
The training material 76-79
The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80
Data analysis 80-86
Analysis of the writing 80-86
Analysis of the questionnaire 86
Ethical considerations 86-88
Informed consent 86-87
Anonymity 87
Harm 87-88
Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115
Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100
Interpersonal Themes 100-102
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107
Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110
Summary 110-115
Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137
Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126
Interpersonal Themes 126-129
Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131
Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132
Summary 132-137
Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155
Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147
Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139
Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142
Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145
Interpersonal Themes 145-147
Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150
Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149
Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150
Summary 150-155
Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165
Findings from closed questions 155-160
EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157
EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158
EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159
EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160
Findings from open questions 160-164
The changes that occurred 161-162
The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163
The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163
EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164
Summary 164-165
Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195
Findings with regard to research questions 165-187
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172
Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181
Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187
Positioning the study within the literature 187-190
T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189
Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190
Implications 190-194
Pedagogical implication 190-193
Methodological implication 193-194
Limitations 194-195
Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200
Summary 195-197
Putting everything together 197-199
Suggestions for future work 199-200
Notes 200-202
References 202-214
Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215
Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217
Appendix 3: Training material 217-229
Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237
Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238
Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239
Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239
When Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) set out for the Walden woods in Massachusetts on Independence Day, 1845, the United States was still a young nation. The book that he published in 1854, Walden, is based upon his experiences as a youth.
The young don’t yet know how to live. They must experience the world and reflect upon their experiences in order to gain knowledge. The same is true of a nation. The book’s status as a classic shows that what Thoreau had to say echoed in the souls of other Americans.
And it’s not just his fellow countrymen who relate to the story – Walden is read all over the world. If it can be enjoyed by non-Americans, this is because Thoreau set out to find what the basic principles of life are, no matter where we’re from. We may not agree with his answers, but we identify with his quest for meaning. This is probably why Walden is still loved by so many people, even 200
一、英语论文的标题
一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,
及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。
课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。中華勵誌網學習資料多多
二、英语论文提纲
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,
空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。
各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,
即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
三、英语论文正文
有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,
为了提高初中生英语作文能力,同时也提高教师的教学效率,需要从以下几个方面努力:
1.加强对学生基本功的训练,包括书写、词汇、句式、语法等等。首先要加强学生词汇量的积累,强化学生的词汇记忆能力,扩大词汇量。在准确理解词汇含义的前提下使学生掌握词汇的使用方法。要想让学生尽数掌握句式语法,首先让学生对英语背景有深刻的了解,并注重平时的训练和运用,所谓的熟能生巧,只有熟练掌握,才能巧妙运用。同时要注重对学生书写能力的培养,临摹英语书法有十分显著的效果,可以定时进行英语书法比赛,来激发学生的兴趣。
2.强化情景语境的训练,提高学生造句的能力和布局谋篇能力。写好一篇文章,培养造句能力十分重要。正确运用句式,然后将词汇填入其中,就可以组成一个完整的句子。教师在平时课堂要注重培养学生情景造句的能力,多营造与学生日常生活息息相关的语境。让学生在轻松的环境中提升英语造句能力,还能够培养学生的发散思维能力和创新能力。只有设身处境,才能使学生准确把握写作思路,理解文章主题。同时要锻炼学生衔接词运用的能力,衔接词可以将相互独立的句子有机结合起来,增强文章的整体性。
3.注重培养学生的写作兴趣,让学生爱上写作,并注重经验的积累。兴趣是学习最好的老师,如果没有兴趣,什么都学不好。教师要注重培养学生的写作兴趣,在平时的写作训练时要采用宽松的教学方法,对学生不能进行硬性规定,使其能够发挥自己最大的潜力。在没有条框约束的前提下,基础好的学生可以充分发挥自己的才能,而基础较差的同学也能大胆地表现自己的想法。只有敢于去写去创作,才会乐于去写,这就无形中培养了学生的兴趣。此外,要多进行优秀范例的讲解,让学生多读多写多练,不断进行经验的积累,并促进学生之间的交流,取长补短,实现自我完善。
4.采用现代化新颖的教学方法,拓宽教学思路,升华学生写作能力。教育改革,要求老师摒弃原有死板的教学方式,采用现代化新颖的教学方式。在新的教学体系下,老师应该放低自己的姿态,不断地融入到学生范围中,通过拉近与学生之间的距离,多与学生进行交流和沟通。教师在教学过程中要有足够的耐心,不能急于求成,要成为学生写作能力提高的服务者。老师通过不断完善自身教学能力,多采用新颖的教学方式,以开放性的教学思路进一步拓宽学生思路,从而实现学生写作能力的升华。
总之,学生英语写作能力的提高,不仅需要学生自身不断扎实基础,完善自我,更重要的是要有老师的引导和启发,老师扮演着十分重要的角色。只有老师充分发挥自己的作用,才能有效提高课堂教学效率。
在语境中进行语法教学,增添课堂趣味性
英语语法相对繁琐,这样就更需要良好的教学环境,所以要创设良好的语言环境,给学生提供大量的语言实践的机会,让学生通过观察、发现和归纳方式,掌握语言规律,形成有效的学习策略。初中生对一切事物都有强烈的好奇心,思维活跃,具有丰富的想象力,所以教师教学中要善于启发学生的思维,激发学生的兴趣。例如把学生感兴趣的话题或者最新最热门时事新闻添加到例句中,更好地揣摩语境句意来解决语法问题。贴近生活与实际,不用刻意去追求语法形式与结构的复杂化,在各方面做到有时效感和时尚感。在语法教学中,教师也可以设计一些趣味任务,让学生在任务活动中运用语法知识解决问题,使学生在课堂上体会和领悟语言形式的表意功能、把教师所教的语法规则转化为自己的,从而有效提高课堂效率,让学生在轻松的氛围中完成对语法的学习。
有效培养学生语法学习的兴趣
教师需要根据不同班级学生基础差异,对教材进行重新编排与整合,甚至增加部分学习资料,让学生看得懂语法的原理与规则,提高学习兴趣。运用游戏教学法,让学生在游戏中运用所学的语言知识,既巩固复习了语言知识,还能提高学生的学习积极性。例如设计一个竞猜的游戏,让学生做不同的动作(打球、吃饭、钓鱼、擦桌子……),让全班其他学生运用句型“What’she/shedoing?He/Sheisdoing...”来猜测动作。教师还可以运用对比法进行语法教学,对比法分为英语语法对比和英汉语法间对比,在对比中发现不同语法的异同,加深了语法学习的兴趣和效果。
在语篇中进行语法教学学生如果只是机械地在句子中练习语法,久而久之会感到枯燥无味。语法课应与阅读活动紧密结合,教师可以引导学生把语法点放入语篇中,让学生自己总结归纳语言,思考单个语言句子如何贯穿为一整篇文章。阅读过程是学生发现问题和思考问题的过程,让学生在阅读中分析这些语法现象,使学生加深对语法知识的理解,避免了学生对语法知识感到乏味。也可以在篇章中检测学生语法知识的掌握,语法听写就是这样一种对学生语法知识考核的一种方式。初中课堂语法听写法步骤如下:首先第一次听时,学生听大意,不做记录,一至三次;第二次听时记录下关键词,一般为实义词,三至四次;接着学习者在小组之间讨论,然后构造出一篇短文。然后不同小组之间交换文章,分析批改文章,或者教师讲评普遍存在的语法错误,最后让学生联系实际,仿照此文给自己的朋友写一封信,描述自己的学习生活。这样学生既系统的学习了语法知识,又可以提高阅读能力和口头表达能力。
探究型任务教学法优化语法教学
初中英语教师在语法的教学上要注重学生的实践性,教师设计任务一定要贴近学生的生活,将抽象的语法知识与实际生活联系起来,把抽象的知识融入真实的生活情景中,使英语语法的教学活动转变成一种活动化的语法教学过程。这样,可以改变目前语法教学中过于重视语言形式而忽视语言实际运用能力的弊端。学生在完成任务的过程中更深层刻的体会了语法在语言形式中的作用,强化了学生对语法规则的印象。
评价的多元化检验语法学习效果
语法学习效果的检验,不仅仅是看做对了多少语法题目,考了多少分来评价的,而应该是方式多样并且灵活多变的,例如开展各类交际活动和纠错竞赛等等。教师通过这些活动检验了学生掌握语法的实际情况,只有了解学生的真实学习情况,才能采取行之有效的方法来帮助学生提供语法水平。评价方式多元化,才可以及时发现学生和自己的不足之处,从而根据实际情况适时调整教学方法。教师对学生检查后还要及时查漏补缺,有针对性地进行巩固,不能为了检查而检查打击了学生学习英语语法的积极性。
开展有益的课外活动,拓宽学生语法学习途径
课外活动不能是大量题海练习形式,应该以培养学生的学习兴趣和自主学习能力为目的。课外活动应该形式多样,比如说创办班级英文报纸、设立电影赏析课、开展英语竞赛、引导收听英文广播录音、引导学生收集名言佳句等,这些活动都能有效的提高学生的语法学习效果。
English Abstract
Chinese Abstrac
I. Introduction
II. Root Causes of Formalization of Cooperation Method
. Unscientific Grouping
Seat-oriented Grouping
Polarized Grouping
Poor Division of Task within Groups
Teachers ' Ambiguous Division of Task
Difficulty Level of Task
Teachers' Nonparticipating in Tasks
Cooperative Learning Carried out at Immature Time
Teachers' Worrying about Teaching Plan
Incomplete CooperationAssessmentSystem
III. Countermeasures to Formalization of Cooperation Methods
Rational Grouping
Cultivation of Students’ Cooperative Spirit
Wise Arrangement of Students' Role
Teachers ' Role in Activities
Teachers' Wise conduct of Group Work
Explore Suitable Cooperative LearningAssessmentsystem
IV Conclusion
Bibliography
中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
Motivation of the present study 7-8
Significance of this study 8
Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
Language production 10-14
L1 Production 10-11
L2 Production 11-12
Dimensions of language production 12-14
Theories on oral output 14-15
Skehan’s dual-model system 14
Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
Task Repetition 15-17
Task 15-16
Task repetition 16-17
Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
Research justification and questions 19
Hypothesis 19-20
Methods 20-25
Participants 20-21
Material 21
Research design 21-23
Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
Results and Analysis 25-34
Quantitative analysis 25-27
Qualitative analysis 27-34
Discussion 34-41
Fluency 34-36
Complexity 36-38
Accuracy 38-39
interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
Conclusion and implication 41-43
Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 20_:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, xxxlike a fish out of waterxxx. If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 缘木求鱼 An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 错过机会
Trim the sails to the wind 顺势前进
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不补要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as xxx骨瘦如柴,对牛弹琴, 众人拾柴火焰高,竹篮打水一场空......xxx Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like xxx海角天涯,海枯石烂,海阔天空,海底捞针,海市蜃楼......xxx. (Analysis)
History
The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
Colours
Numbers
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
Literal Translation
Free Translation
Translation with Notes
Replacement with Similar Idioms
The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
contents
introduction………………………………………………………………1
common historical background……………………………………1
international………………………………………………………1
national…………………………………………………………1
common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2
rebellion against conventions……………………………………2
beats in literature………………………………………………2
rockers in music circles………………………………………3
ideologies in between……………………………………………4
beatniks were fed up with their government about
the explanations of why things happened……………………4
their same destiny……………………………………………4
beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by
both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5
belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5
beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6
rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6
identical lifestyles………………………………………………6
bohemian…………………………………………………………7
beats…………………………………………………………7
rockers………………………………………………………7
madness…………………………………………………………8
the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish,
and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven
to madness……………………………………………………8
rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on
rock circus spot………………………………………………9
self-indulgent……………………………………………………9
drugs…………………………………………………………9
homosexual…………………………………………………10
4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10
beats of satan and angles………………………………………10
rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11
conclusion………………………………………………………………13
一、英语谚语的概述
.对谚语的一般定义,并概括英语谚语的基本特点(3—5条)
.结合谚语与语言的关系,简要论述英语谚语来源的一般性概述
这一部分大体写20_字。
二、西方的宗教传统与英语谚语的本源关联
对基督教的历史做一简单的概述,同时对《圣经》对基督教的核心意义与价值做一简单的说明
. 简述西方的宗教传统,或者基督教的历史
. 对基督教的基本信义做一简单的概述,从下述几个方面:
(1)对基督教的只信仰一个唯一的上帝,不容许进行偶像崇拜;
(2)原罪的观念与救赎的观念:涉及末世审判、救赎恩典和得救的观念
(3)爱是基督教信仰的核心,核心是爱上帝,同时爱每个人
归根结底,基督教是一种高级的精神性宗教,深深地浸透入了西方世界的每一个角落
英语谚语与基督教的关系,特别是《圣经》的'英译对英语的影响
(1)《圣经》历史上的英译本,主要讲钦定本的诞生和影响(譬如扩大了英语的词汇量、增强了英语的表意功能、增加了英语的表意手段等等)
(2)通过一些简单的例证来说明从拉丁语翻译到英语这一过程的影响与意义(如可以举例一些特殊的词语、句式等说明,做好这一部分关键是找到好的研究资料)
三、对源于《圣经》的谚语进行分析,揭示其宗教、文化内涵
(选取若干源于《圣经》的谚语进行具体的、细致的分析,以揭示谚语背后的宗教内涵和英语所负载的宗教文化意义。)
1.选取15—20条有代表性的谚语进行分析,
(1)简述一下选取分析对象的标准
首先这些谚语必须来源于《圣经》或者有《圣经》直接引伸出来,
其次这些谚语必须是应用较广,家喻户晓,且包含特定的智慧
(2)对这些谚语进行分析
我们的分析角度或方法是:
1、要将这些谚语放到《圣经》的文本中去,也就是要将其放回到具体的语境中,在具体的故事或圣经人物的言说中领会这些谚语的内涵
2、可以适当的结合这些谚语的修辞、句式结构等来分析
2.对上述谚语分析之后,从若干角度进行文化内涵的总结和概括
这些谚语的内在价值:道德规范、人生智慧、
这些谚语的功能:宗教教化功能、规导劝慰功能、
(这些价值功能关键的根据所选谚语的分析来确定,有新的发现可适当再添加)
这一部分为本文的主体部分,在3500字左右
拟订提纲的步骤与方法
第一步,明确文章的大小题目。在研究文献和确立三论阶段,已经确立了文章的总论点,以及若于不同层次的分论点。从文章的形式上看,这些分论点便是不同层次的大小标题。一般来说,一篇文章至少应设立3个层次的大小标题。文章的总题目加上这些大小标题,便是文章的基本框架,也是写作提纲的主要内容。|
第二步,为大小标题排序。根据总论点的论证需要,以及大小标题之间存在的相互逻辑关系,将这些标题排序,并标注序码。
第三步,材料对号入座。将选定的、将要写进文章中的材料也根据论证的需要分组,并编注序号。然后,分别以序号的形式对号入座,安插在各个大小标题之下。这样,写作提纲便基本完成。
提纲完成之后,还必须进行仔细推敲、反复调整、及时修改。毋庸置疑,调整与修改提纲比全文写完之后再推倒重来,进行大返工要节省很多时间和精力。提纲的修改可以在动笔撰写初稿之前,集中时间和精力进行,以便确立文章的基本框架结构。在撰写初稿的过程中,有时也有必要回过头来再对提纲进行局部的、细节的调整与修订。
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[1] Li Mei. Mother tongue and translation. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press,20_
[2] Li Qingming. A Comparison of the Cultures between the Chinese and English Language. Xian: Northwest University of technology Press, 20_
[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 20_
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 20_
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 20_
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 20_
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新编大学翻译教程》. 北京:世界知识出版社, 20_ [11] 马爱英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻译》. 北京:科学出版社, 20_
[12] 孙致礼(Sun Zhili).《新编英汉翻译教程》. 上海:上海外语教学出版社, 20_
[13] 王宗炎(Wang Zongyan).《英汉语文问题面面观》. 北京:北京高等教育出版社, 20_
1.教师要运用合作小组激发学生学习英语的兴趣。学习兴趣是学生学习英语的根本,只有调动了学生学习英语的兴趣,才能让学生积极参与到合作学习中来。如教师在教授初中英语教材的Module2的”现在进行时”时,教师可以让学生创设各种情境,将教材中的内容运用小组合作的形式进行探讨,或者也可以采用表演的方式进行,这样学生在欢乐的气氛中不知不觉地就参与到英语的学习中来,思维活跃了,参与度高了,学习英语的兴趣上来了,对于英语的掌握程度也就会加深。
2.全员参与,互相学习。小组合作学习的真谛是共同参与,共同进步。因此教师要挖掘合作学习中的死角,让每一个学生都要积极参与到合作学习中更好地发展自己。如在初中英语课堂教学中,教师可以通过“pairwork”和“groupwork”的形式,让学生都参与到训练当中,让学生都动起来,都说起来,都愿意积极参与到课堂中来。教师要积极准备,思考让学生全员参与的方式,让学生在合作学习的过程中积极准备,提高英语课堂教学效率,提高合作学习的效率。教师要让学生积极表现,积极为合作小组作出贡献,让学生创造性地学习英语。在学习的过程中,教师要把握学生的基本能力,启发学生在小组学习中积极思考,为小组建设作出自己应有的贡献,创造性地提高自己的英语能力,并做好小组内的团结互助工作,力求学生在小组学习xxx同发展,共同进步。
通过不断地努力,目前学生的英语口语表达能力有了很大的提高,但是写作能力还存在一定的问题,主要表现在以下几个方面:
1.写作时审题不清楚,不注重文章结构和书写问题。在写作之前,首先要审清题目,要知道作文的中心思想是什么,并不用着急下笔,只有审清题意后,再有针对性地确定写作方向,然后确定文章的结构形式。在写作过程中首先要注意书写问题,卷面干净能够给人留下好印象,同时要注意句子段落之间的衔接,单纯将句子机械性的堆在一起不可能是一片好文章。
2.基础知识不够扎实,词汇语法掌握不牢固。基础知识包括词汇、语法、句式等等,许多学生写作过程中会出现单词拼写的错误,或者英汉意思混淆,不能表达准确的意思。有些学生所用的句式语法混乱,不够规则,出现了许多病句。
3.受汉语思维的影响严重,句子往往不伦不类。有些初中生接触英语的时间较短,对英语的背景以及句式等缺乏详细的了解,所以在运用过程中难免会受到汉语思想的影响。在构思过程中用汉语,然后翻译成英语,稍微不注意就会将句式用错,造成汉式句子的出现。
出现以上的种种原因还是由于对新课程的标准与新教材的理解不够位,并且教师对于教材的依赖的情况过于严重,不能够很好的了解到新课程中的教学目标,导致很多的问题出现。
改变传统的教育方式
这里首先要多关注学生在课堂上的地位,关心学生上课对于知识的掌握情况。还要深入的去对于新课程标准进行研读,按照课程的标准去进行讲课,对于教材要灵活的使用。
改变教师为中心的地位
我们更加注重学生在课堂上的地位,改变传统教学中教师的主体地位。教师在课堂上应该采取多种教学方法进行才会吸引学生的注意力,在课堂上教师也应该留有一定的时间让学生对于知识有一定的吸收。培养学生的自主学习能力,提高学生的学习兴趣。
优化教学的结构
这里我们就应该增加教学的科学性,采取一些有趣的教学方法来进行讲课,而不是只是教学的重点放在讲课的内容上,这样的授课方式会导致学生对于英语的厌烦心理。
对于学生吸收的知识要及时地反馈
学习的过程就是一个不断反馈的过程,这样才会有一定的学习效果,教师要要认真的进行探索反馈的有效方法,这样在课堂上就可以很好的针对学生们的需求进行授课。
传统的英语对话教学,以教师的讲解为主导“,教师领读,学生跟读”教学模式的单一,学生学习兴趣很难被激发出来。我在英语对话教学中注重发挥多媒体的作用,使学生全身心的投入到对话练习当中,尽可能多的为学生创设参与课堂教学活动的机会。例如:在导入新课之后,我用多媒体播放英语对话视频,让学生感受英语对话语音语调、领悟对话情境,并根据视频进行跟读练习。然后教师将视频调为静音,让学生结合视频动作给对话进行配音。在能够熟练给视频配音的基础上,让学生在小组内分角色进行对话排练,教师选出表现力较好的学生到台前表演,为其他学生作示范。初中学生具有很强的模仿能力和表现欲望,他们踊跃参与对话配音和对话表演。这样,学生可以在对话训练中充分展现自我,激发学习兴趣,在对话训练中达成了提高英语交际和表达能力的目标。
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 20_:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, xxxI define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. xxx(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
Supporting Points:
networking sites are harmful to firms and schools.
networking sites are harmful to workers.
networking sites are harmful to students.
networking sites are harmful to society.
Body Paragraph: Point#1
Supporting Detail & Examples:
and schools already have wasted lots of resource.
information on the SNS made negative impact on firms and schools.
environment to working and studying.
Body Paragraph: Point#2
Supporting Detail & Examples:
efficiency to their working.
impact on their boss.
impact on personal mental health.
Body Paragraph: Ponit#3
Supporting Detail & Examples:
can’t study with undivided attention.
are dependent on Internet too much.
are easy to comparing phenomenon.
Body Paragraph: Ponit#4
Supporting Detail & Examples:
increase online fraud.
increases risk of privacy safety.
increase risk of child safety.
Concluding Paragraph: The use of social networking sites (SNS) should be restricted in the workplace and the classroom and each person should in charge of their life include work and life.
教师在英语对话教学中,要善于创设情境,让学生根据情境创编对话。通过英语对话的创编,提高学生运用英语表达的积极性及口语交际能力。例如,在学过问对方年龄等其它情况的对话以后,我给学生提供了这样的情境,让学生自主创编一个对话“:A与B是升入初中学习的新生,在新学期的开始相遇了。通过交流,了解到他们被编到一个班里学习,并彼此间进行了了解”。让学生结合情境自由发挥编一个对话。学生们积极性很高,纷纷调动自己平日的对话“内存”,踊跃参与对话的创编。他们根据情境编写了如下的对话:A:Howdoyoudo?B:Howdoyoudo?I’’syourname?A:’minClassTwo,...
学生还可以运用自己所学的句型,询问更多的问题。对话的创编要注意遵照循序渐进的原则,刚开始可以让学生将创编的对话在练习本上写出来,然后再进行表演练习。等学生对对话的创编逐渐熟练之后,可以让他们进行即兴发挥与表演。这种对话创编练习可以让学生将英语对话内化为一种口语表达能力。
总之,在英语对话教学中,教师要从激发学生英语对话的兴趣入手,采取多种教学手段和教学方法,创设情境,使学生置身于浓厚的英语对话氛围,提高他们参与课堂学习的积极性,养成良好的英语对话习惯,提高他们的英语对话水平。
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