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MY FAIR LADY---Mini-Biography for Audrey Hepburn
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2023-01-03
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2022-12-04
MY FAIR LADY---Mini-Biography for Audrey Hepburn
2023-01-01
2023-01-01
I want to be a teacher when I listen to my teacher carefully. I think I can be a teacher when I grow up.
I can help many students learn things well. I can play with my students, too. So we are good friends. I want to be a doctor when I see many doctors save their patients. To be a doctor is really great. I think I can be a doctor when I grow up.
Then I can help many people out of danger. I will be the happiest girl in the world. I want to be a reporter when I watch TV every evening. We can get lots of important information from them. They make the world smaller and also make us happy. I would like to be a reporter when I grow up.
And I can learn a lot about China and the other countries around the world. I can meet many superstars as well. I have lots of dreams. I think my dreams can come true one day, because there’s an old saying “where there is a will, there is a way.”
第4课 明清际跃儒家思想
【知识梳理】
李贽离经叛道
(1) 内容:
①破除孔思想迷信
②批判存理灭欲说教, 强调私欲
(2) 意义:定程度反映资本主义萌芽期要求
二、黄宗羲君主专制抨击
(1) 内容:
①揭露君主专制害
②提主君客民主思想
③主张取代皇帝家
(2) 意义:抨击封建君主专制制度反专制斗争起积极推作用
三、顾炎武倡导经世致用
(1) 内容:
①重视社实际情况解, 形经世致用思想
②主张实践求真知, 力求解决计民现实问题
(2) 意义:代朴实风先河
四、王夫唯物思想
(l) 内容:
①世界物质, 切事物都客观存实体
②物质发展变化规律循
③切事物通考察研究都认识
④具朴素辩证思想
(2) 意义:启示近代思维, 具划代意义
【习探究】儒家思想发展历程及阶段特征
阶段 间 位、特征
产形 春秋战 (1)由孔创立,经孟、荀改进,体系更加完整,未受统治者重视(2)具古典文主义色彩,包含民本思想
遭受打击 秦朝 焚书坑儒,遭受沉重打击
确立统 西汉 (1)道家、阴阳五行家等思想揉合儒家思想,形具代特色新儒体系(2)趋向官化、神化
走向熟 宋明 (1)儒道教、佛教汲取益内容, 理儒、佛、道三家融合产物(2)由理发展,完更理论化、思辨化程
自我批判 明清 (1)现具反封建色彩民主启蒙思想(2)批判理,构早期启蒙思想洪流, 具解放思想进步性
儒家思想发展历程认识:
儒家思想所百家脱颖统思想并断自我调整儒家说代表物能吸取百家固步自封更于能够与俱进顺应代潮流断儒家思想进行改造使进步发展
People travel by plane, by train, by ship, by bus. To me, the best way of traveling on a summer vacation is to go on foot.
My preference depends on the purpose of the travel. On a summer vacation I travel to refresh myself and to see the countryside. When I use my feet and walk on a grass covered path along a river or among the hills I feel detached from the noise of the city and closer to the nature. And when I travel on foot I get more freedom. I can plan my own schedule. I can choose my own route. I can stop where I like. And I can see things and people that I might miss if I travel on a train or on a bus. net
When faster and more convenient ways for travel are becoming available, I still favor using my own feet. I get much pleasure from it. People travel by plane, by train, by ship, by bus. To me, the best way of traveling on a summer vacation is to go on foot.
Friends can be classified into two kinds, good friends and evil friends. Evil friends lead us astray and may destroy our life, while good ones drive us towards the right and make our life successful.
Two of them exist in our daily life. However, ideal friends exist in people's mind. They should be diligent, successful and loyal. When you need help, they will stand beside you and be delighted to give you a hand. Also you can share your happiness and sorrow together.
In my opinion, friends can share something but they also should keep their own secrets. So I wish my friends wouldn't interfere in my privacy too much. On the other hand, my friends should have Something in common with me, at the same time something special. In this way we can attract each other and learn from each other.
Let me say something about the picture.
第3课 宋明理
【知识梳理】
三教合
1.儒:汉武帝提倡呈现繁盛势魏晋南北朝期吸收佛教、道教精神新发展
2.佛教:魏晋南北朝期盛行吸收儒精神渐趋本土化
3.道教:民间广流传受儒影响主张贵儒尊道
4.隋朝:儒家提三教合归儒称三教合
5.唐朝:统治者奉行三教并行政策既尊道、立佛、崇儒
二、程朱理
1. 背景:隋唐期儒统位受挑战北宋儒师韩愈率先提复兴儒
2. 内容:
(1) 二程思想
①理宇宙万物本原, 先理物
②理与伦理道德直接联系起
③提格物致知认识论
(2) 朱嘉思想
①强调理源于理→作道德规范三纲五;性与理致
②强调存理、灭欲
③格物致知目于明道德善求科真
3. 特征:融合佛道思想解释儒家义理理核
4.本质:维护君主专制封建统治秩序提供理论依据
5. 位:
(1) 儒发展新阶段南宋期居于统治位官哲
(2) 朱熹编著《四书章句集注》世科举考试依据教科书
(3) 朱熹术影响本、朝鲜形朱派;传及欧洲
三、陆王
1. 南宋期陆九渊思想
(1)宇宙万物本原理
(2) 认万物都
(3) 需反省内理
2. 明期王阳明思想
(l) 宣扬外物外理命题
(2) 提致良知知行合说
(3) 强调内反省用道德修养掉欲恢复良知本性
【习探究】宋明理影响评价
提示:
(l) 影响:宋明理社政治、文化教育、及伦理道德都产深远影响
(2) 积极:注重气节、道德;重视主观意志力量;讲求自我节制发愤立志;强调社责任历史使命;体现儒家仁、义、礼、智等伦理道德
(3) 消极:用三纲五维系封建专制制度压抑、扼杀性期居于统治位官哲进步巩固凸现儒古代传统文化主体位
程朱理与陆王异同
Saying goodbye to childhood,we step into another important time in the pace of young,facing new situations,dealing with different problems.....
everyone has his ownunderstanding of young,it is a period of time of beauty and wonders,only after you have
experienced the sour ,sweet ,bitter and salty can you really become a person of time of young is limitted,it may pass by without your attention,and when you discover what has happened ,it is always too the young well means a better time is waiting for you in the near future,or the situation may be opposite .
having a view on these great men in the history of hunmanbeing,they all made full use of their youth time ,to do things that are useful to society,to the whole mankind,and as a cosquence ,they are remembered by later
generations,admired by do something in the time of young,although you may not get achievements as these greatmen did ,though not for the whole word,just for youeself,for those around!
the young is just like blooming flowers,they are so beautiful when blooming,they make people feel happy,but with time passing by,after they withers ,moet people think they are so it is the same with young,we are enthusiastic when we are young,then we may lose our passion when getting older and we must treasure it ,dont let the limitted time pass by ,leaving nothing of significance.
重点词汇、短语
1. take place 发生
2. religious 宗教的
3. in memory of 纪念
4. belief 信任,信心,信仰
5. dress up 盛装,打扮
6. trick 诡计,窍门
7. play a trick on 搞恶作剧,诈骗
8. gain 获得
9. gather 搜集,集合
10. award 奖品,授予
11. admire 赞美,钦佩
12. look forward to 期望,盼望
13. day and night 日夜
14. as though 好像
15. have fun with 玩的开心
16. permission 许可,允许
17. turn up 出现,到场
18. keep one’s word 守信用
19. hold one’s breath 屏息
20. apologize 道歉
21. obvious 显然的
22. set off 出发,动身,使爆炸
重点句型
1. Please make sure when and where the accidenttook place.
请查清楚事故是何时何地发生的。
2. Some festival are held to honour the dead,or satisfy and please the ancestors, who could return either to help or to doharm.
还有一些节日,是为了纪念死者、满足或取悦祖先,因为(祖先们)有可能回到世上帮助他们,也有可能带来危害。
3. In Japan the festival is called Obon,when people should goto clean the graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors.(非限制性定语从句)
在日本,这个节叫孟兰盆节,在这个节日里,人们要上坟、扫墓、烧香,以缅怀祖先。
4. They dress up and try to frighten people.
他们乔装打扮去吓唬别人。
5. If they are not given anything, the childrenmight play a trick.
如果你什么也不打发给孩子,他们可能会捉弄别人。
6. In India there is a national festival onOctober 2 to honour Mahatma Gandhi, the leader
whohelped gain India's independence from Britain.
在印度,10 月 2 日是纪念马哈特马.甘地的全国性节日,他是帮助印度脱离英国而独立的领袖。
7. The most energetic and important festivalsare the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming ofspring.
最富生气而又最重要的节日,就是告别冬天、迎来春天的日子。
8. The country is covered with cherry treeflowers so that it looks as though it might be covered with pink snow.
整个国度处处都是樱花盛开,看上去就像罩上了一层粉红色的雪。
语法总结
情态动词
定义:情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义、但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。
情态动词数量不多,主要有下列:
can(could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will(would),have (to) ,had better.
My dream is to study abroad in the future. I can always realize that kind of life very quickly. But before I realize my dream, I must make some preparations.
I think the first thing I have to do is to adapt to the life there. It is said that if I don't know anything, there are great differences between eastern and Western cultures. For me, cultural conflict is very easy.
It will put me in an awkward situation. For example, dragon is the leader of all animals. In China, it has the meaning of sacred good, but in western countries it means violence.
I need to learn as much as possible about cultural conflicts to make my life overseas easier.
中文翻译:
我的梦想是将来出国留学我总是那种生活很快就能实现的,但是,在我实现我的梦想之前,我必须做一些准备我认为我首先要做的是适应那里的生活。据说如果我什么都不知道,东西方文化有很大的不同,对我来说,文化冲突是很容易的,它会让我陷入尴尬的境地,例如,龙是所有动物的领袖,在中国它有神圣的善的意义,但在西方国家它意味着暴力。我需要尽可能多地学习文化冲突,使我的海外生活变得更容易。
第6课 文艺复兴和宗教改革
【知识梳理】
一、意大利的资本主义萌芽
1.十四五世纪, 意大利的一些工商业城市,纷纷采取鼓励发展工商业的政策,出现资本主义萌芽。
2.新兴的资产阶级希望创造财富,追求现世的享乐,对当时统治文化思想的教会不满。一场思想变革首先在意大利出现。
二、文艺复兴
1. 背景
(l) 经济:意大利的一些工商业城市出现资本主义萌芽。
(2) 政治:新兴的资产阶级要求追求现世的享乐。
(3) 文化:接触到古代希腊罗马文化遗存和典籍。
2. 本质: 是以人文主义冲击宗教神权的束缚,解放人们的思想。是一场新兴资产阶级的思想解放运动。
3. 核心:人文主义,即主张以人为中心而不是以神为中心, 要求肯定人的价值和尊严。
4. 成就:
(l) 文学三杰:
①薄伽丘的代表作《十日谈》 , 抨击了封建道德和教会的禁欲思想, 主张发展人的个性。
②但丁:代表作是《神曲》,对教会的丑恶现象表达了憎恶。
③彼特拉克:代表作是《歌集》, 最早提出要以“人的学问”代替“神的学问”, 被称为“人文主义之父”。
(2) 艺术;达?芬奇等大师(美术三杰)创作了许多杰出作品。
5. 扩展:16世纪, 从意大利传播到欧洲其他国家。
6.影响:使更多的人开始更多地关注人及人生活的世界。
三、宗教改革(略)
欧洲的宗教改革运动,进一步传播了人文主义,动摇了罗马教皇的统治。
【学习探究】人文主义有哪些特点 ?
提示:
(1) 重视现世生活, 追求物质幸福, 反对宗教禁欲主义。
(2) 主张人的求知欲和追根究底的探求精神, 反对消极的、无所作为的人生态度。
(3) 文学艺术上表达人的真实感情, 反对虚伪造作。
(4) 重视科学实验, 反对经验论。
(6) 以人为中心, 强调个人“才能”和自我奋斗, 赞扬英雄史观, 表现了乐观主义精神。
局限性:过分强调人性而掩盖了阶级社会中人的阶级性,造成人的私欲膨胀。
My dream is to study abroad in the future. I am always that kind of life can come true soon. But, before I realize my dream, I have to do some preparation. I think the most important thing I need to do first is to adapt the life there. It is said that there is a big difference between the eastern and western culture. If I know nothing, it is easy for me to have culture conflict.
It will put me into an embarrass place. For example, dragon is the leader for all animals and it has holy good meaning in china. But it means violence in the western country. I need to learn as much the cultural conflicts as possible to make my oversea life become easier.
1、体液调节主要是指激素调节。
2、常见几种动物激素的相关知识点:
生长激素(多肽)——垂体
促性腺激素(蛋白质)——垂体
促甲状腺激素(蛋白质)——垂体
甲状腺激素(含碘的氨基酸衍生物)——甲状腺
胰岛素(蛋白质)——胰岛B细胞
胰高血糖素(多肽)——胰岛A细胞
性激素(固醇)——卵巢
肾上腺素(氨基酸衍生物)——肾上腺
促甲状腺激素释放激素——下丘脑
3、胰岛素、垂体和下丘脑分泌的激素其本质均为蛋白质,不可以口服。
4、激素间的相互作用:协同作用,拮抗作用
5、血糖平衡的调节:(神经——体液)
(1)血糖的来源:食物中的糖类经消化吸收;肝糖原的分解;脂肪等非糖物质的转化(胰岛A细胞——升血糖)
(2)血糖的去路:氧化分解为二氧化碳、水和能量;合成肝糖原肌糖原;转化为脂肪、某些氨基酸等非糖物质(胰岛B细胞——降血糖)
(3)升血糖的激素:胰高血糖素、肾上腺素
降血糖的激素:胰岛素
(4)下丘脑也参与了血糖平衡的调节
6、甲状腺激素的调节(神经——体液)
(1)神经传导——下丘脑(促甲状腺激素释放激素)——垂体(促甲状腺激素)——甲状腺(甲状腺激素)——细胞代谢
(2)分级调节,负反馈调节
7、激素调节的特点:
微量和高效;
通过体液运输(弥散全身,不定向);
作用于靶器官、靶细胞。
8、注:激素完成任务后被灭活
提高英语写作分数的88个词组
1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…
9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate
10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue
11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…
13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…
15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
16.双方的论点 argument on both sides
17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…
18.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …
19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:
20.…也不例外 …be no exception
21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…
22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。
23.导致,引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden
30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective
32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…
34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…
36.综合素质 comprehensive quality
37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach
39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…
40. 应当承认 Admittedly,
41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…
43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
When I got settled, the total use of the microwave to do their own things to eat. One day, my father saw me, I am afraid to say that I grew up as a cook. I immediately shaken like a rattle-drum head, you said : “That is not my ideal. When I grow up I want to IT (information technology) industries. ”Yes, I bought a computer five years ago after his father, I am familiar with it day by day. Until last year, and I have formed a deep bond with it. From then on, I want success in the information technology industry to make contributions to the cause of national computer. But my father said I could only do in the field “testing the game,” is what the new game, and always let me play with, the report there will be any games. I think what he said is not their fault, I always play games recently, those who do not have a veteran like Flash. In recent days, I sprouted out of a bad idea : I will be playing the game that the network server to the black. My account will revise the highest level. However, I Xiangliaoyouxiang, this is wrong, but was caught by the police network is not good. When hackers but also need high computer skills. As a member of the IT industry is my ideal, I would like to advance this goal, to improve their computer skills
必修三高一英语作文
Youth comes only once in a lifetime, therefore, it is important that we should not waste those years in idleness and bad living.
This is also the time when our memories are are able to learn more during this time than when we become older. During our younger years, we have the enthusiasm to set high goals for ourselves.
We also try to overcome obstacles which are placed in our way.
If we realize how precious youth is, we will be fulfilled when we are young as well as when we are older. If we waste our youth, we will spend the rest of our lives wishing we could be young again.
Spring outing in March, with the comfortable weather and warm sunshine, our class had a spring outing on Saturday. We went to the people's Park and held some activities. The students were very excited.
They looked like birds just coming out of the cage. We played games, rowing and fishing there. We enjoyed the beautiful scenery of spring.
Some people in the park joined us and had a good time. We had a happy day and the relationship between the students became more and more close.
中文翻译:
春游xx月的春天,伴随着舒适的天气和温暖的阳光,我们班在星期六进行了一次春游。我们去了公园,举行了一些活动,同学们都很兴奋,他们看起来就像刚从鸟笼里出来的鸟儿一样,我们在那里玩游戏、划船、钓鱼,我们欣赏了春天的美丽景色,公园里的一些人也加入了我们,玩得很开心。我们度过了快乐的一天,同学们的关系越来越密切。
城市化与工业化
1. 城市化、工业化与区域社会经济发展的关系
工业化与城市化是推动区域经济社会发展的主要动力。
2. 城市化与工业化相互之间的关系
区域工业化与城市化是两股相互促进的力量,区域工业化必然带来城市化,城市化反过来又会促进工业化。
3. 一般发展中国家如何推进工业化和城市化
通过优惠政策,鼓励少数有条件的区域率先推进工业化与城市化,以带动相邻区域以至全国其他地区的工业化与城市化。
如珠江三角洲地区就是我国改革开放以后,得益于优惠政策而迅速推进工业化与城市化的地区之一。 (二)对外开放的前沿
珠江三角洲地区是我国仅次于长江三角洲地区的城市密集区。珠江三角洲地区工业化和城市化水平迅速提高的原因:
1. 国家和地区的产业结构调整
发达国家在20世纪七八十年代的产业结构调整:
⑴第二产业所占比重不断下降,第三产业所占比重不断上升;
⑵在工业内部,劳动力和资源密集型产业所占比重不断下降,技术、知识密集型产业所占比重不断上升。
影响:发达国家的劳动力密集型和资源密集型产业要在世界其他地区寻找新的出路,为珠江三角洲地区迅速的工业化与城市化提供了契机。
2. 国家的对外开放政策
改革开放以后,珠江三角洲地区作为我国对外开放的前沿,国家给予其许多优惠政策,使珠江三角洲地区优先于其他地区吸引外资。
3. 良好的区位条件
珠江三角洲地区位于我国南部沿海地区,毗邻港澳,靠近东南亚。
影响:使本区得以发挥劳动力丰富、地价低廉的优势,就近接受港澳产业的扩散,利用港澳贸易渠道,大量出口商品,参与广泛的国际分工。
4. 全国的侨乡之一
珠江三角洲地区是的侨乡。改革开放以后,广大华侨和港澳台同胞利用他们在海外的各方面关系,通过投资、引商、引资,推动了珠江三角洲地区的经济发展。
工业化与城市化的推进
My dream is to study abroad in the future. I can always realize that kind of life very quickly. But before I realize my dream, I must make some preparations.
I think the first thing I have to do is to adapt to the life there. It is said that if I don't know anything, there are great differences between eastern and Western cultures. For me, cultural conflict is very easy.
It will put me in an awkward situation. For example, dragon is the leader of all animals. In China, it has the meaning of sacred good, but in western countries it means violence.
I need to learn as much as possible about cultural conflicts to make my life overseas easier.
中文翻译:
我的梦想是将来出国留学我总是那种生活很快就能实现的,但是,在我实现我的梦想之前,我必须做一些准备我认为我首先要做的是适应那里的生活。据说如果我什么都不知道,东西方文化有很大的不同,对我来说,文化冲突是很容易的,它会让我陷入尴尬的境地,例如,龙是所有动物的领袖,在中国它有神圣的善的意义,但在西方它意味着暴力。我需要尽可能多地学习文化冲突,使我的海外生活变得更容易。
Youth
Youth comes only once in a lifetime, therefore, it is important that we should not waste those years in idleness and bad living.
This is also the time when our memories are are able to learn more during this time than when we become older. During our younger years, we have the enthusiasm to set high goals for ourselves. We also try to overcome obstacles which are placed in our way.
If we realize how precious youth is, we will be fulfilled when we are young as well as when we are older. If we waste our youth, we will spend the rest of our lives wishing we could be young again.
英语高一必修三作文
When someone asks me: What is your Chinese dream? I will answer it without any hesitation: to be a good doctor.
The reason why I want to be a doctor is that I want to save people’s lives as possible as I can. When I was young, I had a terrible car accident. Thanks to the doctors, they brought me back to life. From then on, to be a good doctor has always been an inspiration to me. I will study hard to make sure that my dream will come true in the future.
高二英语必修三必背单词
Module 1
Look at 看
The boy stole a look at his father with grimace.
那男孩扮着鬼脸偷看了他父亲一眼。
more than 多于…
He is little more than a boy in worldly experience.
他涉世不深, 简直还是一个孩子。
be famous for 因…而著名
The town miller was famous for his excellent flour.
镇上的面粉场主以优质面粉著称。
work on 从事,进行
We need to put in our time and work on our skills.
我们需要投入自己的时间和技艺在我们的工作上。
from…until.. 从…到…
He worked from dawn until(til) dark.
他没日没夜地工作。
because of 因为;由于
His business went under because of competition from the large corporations.
由于大公司的竞争,他的生意陷入了困境。
last for 延续;持续
The blockade is likely to last for some time.
封锁可能要持续一段时间。
all the time 总是;一直
She must be nervous,she fusses about all the time.
她想必很紧张,她一直忙碌得团团转。
be known as 以…闻名
Work in this new vein has come to be known as experimental philosophy.
这种形式的研究被称为实验哲学。
ever since 自此;从那时起
I have distrusted her ever since she cheated me.
自从她骗我以后,我就不信任她了。
next to 靠近…;紧挨着
The two shops are next to each other.
那两家铺子紧挨着。
refer to 指…;参考;适用于
Writers often refer to a dictionary.
作家时常参考字典。
in terms of 谈到…;从…方面;依据
It can not be measured in terms of money.
这是不能用金钱衡量的。
compare with与…比较
How do they compare with our alternatives?
它们和我们的选择如何比较?
have control over 对…加以控制
You have control over nothing except your own mind.
除了自己的思想你什么也没有控制到。
little by little逐渐的
Little by little he usurped his boss's authority.
他逐渐地篡夺老板的权力。
Module 2
up to直到;由…决定
It's up to him to resolve this problem.
这个问题应由他来解决。
agree to do sth.同意桌某事
Would the people agree to this?
人们会同意这么做吗?
at the top of再…顶端
This one should be at the top of your list.
这一项应该在列表的顶端。
be to do sth.将要做某事
Another approach might be to do them for 10 minutes at the end of each hour.
另一个方法是在每工作一个小时后,用10分钟的时间来处理那些事务。
make sure确保;弄清楚
Make sure that you capture the answers to these questions from them.
确保一定要从他们那里找到这些问题的答案。
encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事
I encourage them to read or go outside .
我鼓励他们阅读或者去户外活动。
close to 靠近的,接近的;亲密的
His house is close to the park.
他的家挨着公园。
practice doing sth.练习做某事
Then she would practice writing.
然后,她会练习写作。
as a result 结果;因此
As a result, the bad thing has been turned into a good one.
结果坏事变成了好事。
Module 3
pick up 拿起,拾起
Where(When) do I pick up the ticket?
我在什么地方(时候)拿机票?
take off去掉
Can you take off my helmet and put it on?
你可以脱下我的头盔并自己戴上吗?
on average平均起来
It says that on average, you should be around 20.
它表示的是平均值,应该在20左右。
end up 以…结束
The chairman finally ended up his speech.
主席终于结束了演说。
warn sb. of 警告某人
He had decided to warn her of the mistake she was making.
他决定告诫她,她正在犯错误。
set fire to 放火…
They set fire to the city.
他们放火烧了这座城市。
put out 扑灭;关掉
Please put the light out when you leave the room.
离开房间时请把灯关掉。
be active in 积极…
Join, and be active in an association.
参加一个协会并在里面积极的表现。
in all 总共
I have one brother and two sistets. So she gets four children in all.
我有一个哥哥,两个妹妹,所以她总共有四个孩子。
take place 发生
When does the wedding take place?
什么时候举行婚礼?
come into 生效
The will comes into effect.
这份遗嘱开始生效。
be of no effect 无效
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
What do you mean to do with it?
你打算怎样处理它?
mean doing sth. 意思是,意味着
Balance does not mean doing everything.
平衡并不意味着努力追求每件事情。
manage to do sth. 设法做某事
We should manage to house and feed the poor.
我们得设法解决贫民的食宿问题。
succeed in doing sth. 做成某事
All of us want to succeed in life.
在人生的舞台上我们都想取得成功。
Module 4
take in 吸收
Our club plan to take in 20 new members.
我们俱乐部计划吸收20名新会员。
give out 放出;发出
Give out candies or cards.
分发你的糖果和贺卡。
protect…from/against…. 保护…不受..的侵害
one after another 一个接一个
Sometimes we would play games one after another.
有时,我们会一个接一个地玩游戏。
have a bad effect on对…有坏的影响
Alcoholic drink can have a bad effect on your body.
含酒精的饮料会对你的身体有很坏的影响。
in a nutshell 简言之;概括的说
In a nutshell, here's how the survey works.
这里简单说一下这项调查的运作。
look through 浏览
He looked through his notes before the final examination.
他期末考试前温习了自己的笔记。
cut down 砍树
We do not have to cut down one single tree.
我们不需要再砍倒哪怕一棵树。
dig up 挖掘出
You dig up the past, all you get is dirty.
你把过去一股脑儿都挖了出来,那可都是见不得人的。
be caught in 突然遭遇(风暴等)
He is wet all over and looks as if he had been caught in a rain.
他全身湿透好像淋了雨似的。
prevent …(from)doing …阻止…做…
Nothing can prevent her (from) doing so.
什么也不能阻止她这样做。
Module 5
be at war with 与…交战
in conclusion 总之 ;最后
In conclusion, I wish this meeting every success.
最后,预祝本届年会取得圆满成功!
believe in 信仰;信任
Not believe in what you should do.
不要相信什么是你该做的。
bring up 养育;抚养
They have very definite ideas on how to bring up children.
关于如何培养孩子,他们有非常明确的想法.
become interested in 对…感兴趣
How did you become interested in this subject?
你是怎么开始对这个话题感兴趣的?
spend …doing……花费…做…
The time they need to spend doing their work
这些资源在执行工作时需要花费的时间
be different from 与…不同
Now it is different from the past.
现在和过去不同了。
for the first time 首次;第一次
Naturally, you were keyed up when you went on the platform for the first time.
你第一次登上讲台感到紧张是很自然的。
Module 6
date from 起源于
This custom dates from the nineteenth century.
这风俗始于19世纪。
hold back 阻止
He couldn't hold back his anger.
他再也控制不住他的怒火。
come true(梦想等)变成现实
I'm afraid his hope won't come true easily.
他的希望怕很难实现。
make sense 有意义;有道理
It all started to make sense.
这一切都开始变得有意义。
bring an end to 结束;终止
work out 算出;解决
Work out how much all these things will cost.
算计算计买这么多东西要多少钱。
dream of 梦想
He had long nourished the dream of being an actor.
很久以来他一直梦想着成为一名演员。
be full of 充满
His head is full of nonsense.
他满脑子荒.唐念头。
take away 移去;拿走;消除
Take away the glasses and the tray.
把这些玻璃杯和托盘拿走。
be on a visit 在参观
He is on a visit to English.
他正在访问英国。
live a happy life 过着幸福的生活
We live a happy life together.
我 们一家在一起过着幸福的生活。
第1课时算法的概念
[核心必知]
1.预习教材,问题导入
根据以下提纲,预习教材P2~P5,回答下列问题.
(1)对于一般的二元一次方程组a1x+b1y=c1,①a2x+b2y=c2,②其中a1b2-a2b1≠0,如何写出它的求解步骤?
提示:分五步完成:
第一步,①×b2-②×b1,得(a1b2-a2b1)x=b2c1-b1c2,③
第二步,解③,得x=b2c1-b1c2a1b2-a2b1.
第三步,②×a1-①×a2,得(a1b2-a2b1)y=a1c2-a2c1,④
第四步,解④,得y=a1c2-a2c1a1b2-a2b1.
第五步,得到方程组的解为x=b2c1-b1c2a1b2-a2b1,y=a1c2-a2c1a1b2-a2b1.
(2)在数学中算法通常指什么?
提示:在数学中,算法通常是指按照一定规则解决某一类问题的明确和有限的步骤.
2.归纳总结,核心必记
(1)算法的概念
12世纪
的算法指的是用阿拉伯数字进行算术运算的过程
数学中
的算法通常是指按照一定规则解决某一类问题的明确和有限的步骤
现代算法通常可以编成计算机程序,让计算机执行并解决问题
(2)设计算法的目的
计算机解决任何问题都要依赖于算法.只有将解决问题的过程分解为若干个明确的步骤,即算法,并用计算机能够接受的“语言”准确地描述出来,计算机才能够解决问题.
[问题思考]
(1)求解某一个问题的算法是否是的?
提示:不是.
(2)任何问题都可以设计算法解决吗?
提示:不一定.
[课前反思]
通过以上预习,必须掌握的几个知识点:
(1)算法的概念:;
(2)设计算法的目的:.
[思考1]应从哪些方面来理解算法的概念?
名师指津:对算法概念的三点说明:
(1)算法是指可以用计算机来解决的某一类问题的程序或步骤,这些程序或步骤必须是明确的和有效的,而且能够在有限步骤之内完成.
(2)算法与一般意义上具体问题的解法既有联系,又有区别,它们之间是一般和特殊的关系,也是抽象与具体的关系.算法的获得要借助一般意义上具体问题的求解方法,而任何一个具体问题都可以利用这类问题的一般算法来解决.
(3)算法一方面具有具体化、程序化、机械化的特点,同时又有高度的抽象性、概括性、精确性,所以算法在解决问题中更具有条理性、逻辑性的特点.
[思考2]算法有哪些特征?
名师指津:(1)确定性:算法的每一个步骤都是确切的,能有效执行且得到确定结果,不能模棱两可.
(2)有限性:算法应由有限步组成,至少对某些输入,算法应在有限多步内结束,并给出计算结果.
(3)逻辑性:算法从初始步骤开始,分为若干明确的步骤,每一步都只能有一个确定的继任者,只有执行完前一步才能进入到后一步,并且每一步都确定无误后,才能解决问题.
(4)不性:求解某一个问题的算法不一定只有的一个,可以有不同的算法.
(5)普遍性:很多具体的问题,都可以设计合理的算法去解决.
?讲一讲
1.以下关于算法的说法正确的是
A.描述算法可以有不同的方式,可用自然语言也可用其他语言
B.算法可以看成按照要求设计好的有限的确切的计算序列,并且这样的步骤或序列只能解决当前问题
C.算法过程要一步一步执行,每一步执行的操作必须确切,不能含混不清,而且经过有限步或无限步后能得出结果
D.算法要求按部就班地做,每一步可以有不同的结果
[尝试解答]算法可以看成按照要求设计好的有限的确切的计算序列,并且这样的步骤或计算序列能够解决一类问题,故B不正确.
算法过程要一步一步执行,每一步执行操作,必须确切,只能有结果,而且经过有限步后,必须有结果输出后终止,故C、D都不正确.
描述算法可以有不同的语言形式,如自然语言、框图语言等,故A正确.
答案:A
判断算法的关注点
(1)明确算法的含义及算法的特征;
(2)判断一个问题是否是算法,关键看是否有解决一类问题的程序或步骤,这些程序或步骤必须是明确和有效的,而且能够在有限步内完成.
?练一练
1.(?西南师大附中检测)下列描述不能看作算法的是()
A.洗衣机的使用说明书
B.解方程x2+2x-1=0
C.做米饭需要刷锅、淘米、添水、加热这些步骤
D.利用公式S=πr2计算半径为3的圆的面积,就是计算π×32
解析:选BA、C、D都描述了解决问题的过程,可以看作算法,而B只描述了一个事例,没有说明怎样解决问题,不是算法.
假设家中生火泡茶有以下几个步骤:
a.生火b.将水倒入锅中c.找茶叶d.洗茶壶、茶碗e.用开水冲茶
[思考1]你能设计出在家中泡茶的步骤吗?
名师指津:a→a→c→d→e
[思考2]设计算法有什么要求?
名师指津:(1)写出的算法必须能解决一类问题;
(2)要使算法尽量简单、步骤尽量少;
(3)要保证算法步骤有效,且计算机能够执行.
?讲一讲
2.写出解方程x2-2x-3=0的一个算法.
[尝试解答]法一:算法如下.
第一步,将方程左边因式分解,得(x-3)(x+1)=0;①
第二步,由①得x-3=0,②或x+1=0;③
第三步,解②得x=3,解③得x=-1.
法二:算法如下.
第一步,移项,得x2-2x=3;①
第二步,①式两边同时加1并配方,得(x-1)2=4;②
第三步,②式两边开方,得x-1=±2;③
第四步,解③得x=3或x=-1.
法三:算法如下.
第一步,计算方程的判别式并判断其符号Δ=(-2)2+4×3=16>0;
第二步,将a=1,b=-2,c=-3,代入求根公式x1,x2=-b±b2-4ac2a,得x1=3,x2=-1.
设计算法的步骤
(1)认真分析问题,找出解决此题的一般数学方法;
(2)借助有关变量或参数对算法加以表述;
(3)将解决问题的过程划分为若干步骤;
(4)用简练的语言将步骤表示出来.?
练一练
2.设计一个算法,判断7是否为质数.
解:第一步,用2除7,得到余数1,所以2不能整除7.
第二步,用3除7,得到余数1,所以3不能整除7.
第三步,用4除7,得到余数3,所以4不能整除7.
第四步,用5除7,得到余数2,所以5不能整除7.
第五步,用6除7,得到余数1,所以6不能整除7.
因此,7是质数.
?讲一讲
3.一次青青草原草原长包包大人带着灰太狼、懒羊羊和一捆青草过河.河边只有一条船,由于船太小,只能装下两样东西.在无人看管的情况下,灰太狼要吃懒羊羊,懒羊羊要吃青草,请问包包大人如何才能带着他们平安过河?试设计一种算法.
[思路点拨]先根据条件建立过程模型,再设计算法.
[尝试解答]包包大人采取的过河的算法可以是:
第一步,包包大人带懒羊羊过河;
第二步,包包大人自己返回;
第三步,包包大人带青草过河;
第四步,包包大人带懒羊羊返回;
第五步,包包大人带灰太狼过河;
第六步,包包大人自己返回;
第七步,包包大人带懒羊羊过河.
实际问题算法的设计技巧
(1)弄清题目中所给要求.
(2)建立过程模型.
(3)根据过程模型建立算法步骤,必要时由变量进行判断.
?练一练
3.一位商人有9枚银元,其中有1枚略轻的是假银元,你能用天平(无砝码)将假银元找出来吗?
解:法一:算法如下.
第一步,任取2枚银元分别放在天平的两边,若天平左、右不平衡,则轻的一枚就是假银元,若天平平衡,则进行第二步.
第二步,取下右边的银元放在一边,然后把剩下的7枚银元依次放在右边进行称量,直到天平不平衡,偏轻的那一枚就是假银元.
法二:算法如下.
第一步,把9枚银元平均分成3组,每组3枚.
第二步,先将其中两组放在天平的两边,若天平不平衡,则假银元就在轻的那一组;否则假银元在未称量的那一组.
第三步,取出含假银元的那一组,从中任取2枚银元放在天平左、右两边称量,若天平不平衡,则假银元在轻的那一边;若天平平衡,则未称量的那一枚是假银元.
——————————————[课堂归纳?感悟提升]——————————————
1.本节课的重点是理解算法的概念,体会算法的思想,难点是掌握简单问题算法的表述.
2.本节课要重点掌握的规律方法
(1)掌握算法的特征,见讲1;
(2)掌握设计算法的一般步骤,见讲2;
(3)会设计实际问题的算法,见讲3.
3.本节课的易错点
(1)混淆算法的特征,如讲1.
(2)算法语言不规范致误,如讲3.
课下能力提升(一)
[学业水平达标练]
题组1算法的含义及特征
1.下列关于算法的说法错误的是()
A.一个算法的步骤是可逆的
B.描述算法可以有不同的方式
C.设计算法要本着简单方便的原则
D.一个算法不可以无止境地运算下去
解析:选A由算法定义可知B、C、D对,A错.
2.下列语句表达的是算法的有()
①拨本地电话的过程为:1提起话筒;2拨号;3等通话信号;4开始通话或挂机;5结束通话;
②利用公式V=Sh计算底面积为3,高为4的三棱柱的体积;
③x2-2x-3=0;
④求所有能被3整除的正数,即3,6,9,12,….
A.①②B.①②③
C.①②④D.①②③④
解析:选A算法通常是指按照一定规则解决某一类问题的明确和有限的步骤.①②都各表达了一种算法;③只是一个纯数学问题,不是一个明确步骤;④的步骤是无穷的,与算法的有穷性矛盾.
3.下列各式中S的值不可以用算法求解的是()
…+1002
…+110000
解析:选DD中的求和不符合算法步骤的有限性,所以它不可以用算法求解,故选D.
题组2算法设计
4.给出下面一个算法:
第一步,给出三个数x,y,z.
第二步,计算M=x+y+z.
第三步,计算N=13M.
第四步,得出每次计算结果.
则上述算法是()
A.求和B.求余数
C.求平均数D.先求和再求平均数
解析:选D由算法过程知,M为三数之和,N为这三数的平均数.
5.(20_?东营高一检测)一个算法步骤如下:
S1,S取值0,i取值1;
S2,如果i≤10,则执行S3,否则执行S6;
S3,计算S+i并将结果代替S;
S4,用i+2的值代替i;
S5,转去执行S2;
S6,输出S.
运行以上步骤后输出的结果S=()
.以上均不对
解析:选B由以上计算可知:S=1+3+5+7+9=25,答案为B.
6.给出下面的算法,它解决的是()
第一步,输入x.
第二步,如果x<0,则y=x2;否则执行下一步.
第三步,如果x=0,则y=2;否则y=-x2.
第四步,输出y.
A.求函数y=x2?x<0?,-x2?x≥0?的函数值
B.求函数y=x2?x<0?,2?x=0?,-x2?x>0?的函数值
C.求函数y=x2?x>0?,2?x=0?,-x2?x<0?的函数值
D.以上都不正确
解析:选B由算法知,当x<0时,y=x2;当x=0时,y=2;当x>0时,y=-x2.故选B.
7.试设计一个判断圆(x-a)2+(y-b)2=r2和直线Ax+By+C=0位置关系的算法.
解:算法步骤如下:
第一步,输入圆心的坐标(a,b)、半径r和直线方程的系数A、B、C.
第二步,计算z1=Aa+Bb+C.
第三步,计算z2=A2+B2.
第四步,计算d=|z1|z2.
第五步,如果d>r,则输出“相离”;如果d=r,则输出“相切”;如果d
8.某商场举办优惠促销活动.若购物金额在800元以上(不含800元),打7折;若购物金额在400元以上(不含400元)800元以下(含800元),打8折;否则,不打折.请为商场收银员设计一个算法,要求输入购物金额x,输出实际交款额y.
解:算法步骤如下:
第一步,输入购物金额x(x>0).
第二步,判断“x>800”是否成立,若是,则y=,转第四步;否则,执行第三步.
第三步,判断“x>400”是否成立,若是,则y=;否则,y=x.
第四步,输出y,结束算法.
题组3算法的实际应用
9.国际奥委会宣布夏季奥运会主办城市为日本的东京.据《中国体育报》报道:对参与竞选的5个夏季奥林匹克运动会申办城市进行表决的操作程序是:首先进行第一轮投票,如果有一个城市得票数超过总票数的一半,那么该城市将获得举办权;如果所有申办城市得票数都不超过总票数的一半,则将得票最少的城市淘汰,然后进行第二轮投票;如果第二轮投票仍没选出主办城市,将进行第三轮投票,如此重复投票,直到选出一个主办城市为止,写出投票过程的算法.
解:算法如下:
第一步,投票.
第二步,统计票数,如果一个城市得票数超过总票数的一半,那么该城市就获得主办权,否则淘汰得票数最少的城市并转第一步.
第三步,宣布主办城市.
[能力提升综合练]
1.小明中午放学回家自己煮面条吃,有下面几道工序:①洗锅、盛水2分钟;②洗菜6分钟;③准备面条及佐料2分钟;④用锅把水烧开10分钟;⑤煮面条和菜共3分钟.以上各道工序,除了④之外,一次只能进行一道工序.小明要将面条煮好,最少要用()
分钟分钟
分钟分钟
解析:选C①洗锅、盛水2分钟+④用锅把水烧开10分钟(同时②洗菜6分钟+③准备面条及佐料2分钟)+⑤煮面条和菜共3分钟=15分钟.解决一个问题的算法不是的,但在设计时要综合考虑各个方面的因素,选择一种较好的算法.
2.在用二分法求方程零点的算法中,下列说法正确的是()
A.这个算法可以求方程所有的零点
B.这个算法可以求任何方程的零点
C.这个算法能求方程所有的近似零点
D.这个算法并不一定能求方程所有的近似零点
解析:选D二分法求方程零点的算法中,仅能求方程的一些特殊的近似零点(满足函数零点存在性定理的条件),故D正确.
3.(20_?青岛质检)结合下面的算法:
第一步,输入x.
第二步,判断x是否小于0,若是,则输出x+2,否则执行第三步.
第三步
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