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【2023节能宣传周时间】2023节能宣传周和全国低碳日活动方案
2023-03-15
SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT
《SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT》
《SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT》
February 2,
AGRICULTURE
The Agreement would eliminate barriers and increase access for . exports across a broad range of commodities. Commitments include:
Significant cuts in tariffs that will be completed by January . Overall average for agricultural products will be percent and for . priority products 14 percent (down from 31 percent).
Establishment of a tariff-rate quota system for imports of bulk commodities, ., wheat, corn, cotton, barley, and rice, that provides a share of the TRQ for private traders. Specific rules on how the TRQ will operate and increased transparency in the process will help ensure that imports occur. Significant and growing quota quantities subject to tariffs that average between 1-3 percent.
Immediate elimination of the tariff-rate quota system for barley, peanut oil, sunflower-seed oil, cottonseed oil, and a phase-out for soybean oil.
The right to import and distribute products without going through a state-trading enterprise or middleman.
Elimination of export subsidies on agricultural products.
China has also agreed to the elimination of SPS barriers that are not based on scientific evidence.
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
China would lower tariffs and eliminate broad systemic barriers to . exports, such as limits on who can import goods and distribute them in China, as well as barriers such as quotas and licenses on . products.
TARIFFS
Tariffs cut from an average of percent to an average of percent overall and percent on . priority products.
China will participate in the Information Technology Agreement (I
[1] [2]
本次试卷信息量大，知识涵盖面广，渗透性强，注重实际情景和具体语境中考查学生对基础知识的理解和运用，有较强的探究性和灵活性。试卷突出了语言的交际功能，力求体现课程标准精神，无偏、难和怪题。试题的选材有必须的时代感和知识性，在选材中既注意了所选材料在题材和体裁上的多样性，又注意了所选材料的思想性和教育性注重教育性。试卷着重考查学生理解、运用语言的本事，重视考查学生的英语基础知识、基本技能，考查学生运用所学的知识和技分析问题、解决问题的本事，力求体现选拔和指导教学两者并重。
一、试卷特点：
1、试卷注重基础，体现活用，难度和区分度恰当无偏题，怪题出现。
试题注重考查学生在必须语境下对语言基础知识的掌握情景和综合运用英语的本事。语言基础知识的考查重点突出、覆盖面广；情景设置合理，避免了纯知识性的死记硬背题；词汇和语法的测试充分注意了语言的真实性、趣味性和实践性；注重语感，灵活性强，突出语言形式向语言意义的转化。
2、试题从知识立意逐渐向本事立意转变。
加大了本事考查的比重。试题突出了语言的交际性，强调在特定的语境中英语知识的灵活运用。适当增加了测试词汇量，加强本事检测。如阅读理解考查的资料注重了对学生在语境中运用语言本事的考查。加大了对语言的熟练程度和深层次本事考查的力度。如“阅读理解”部分注重了对归纳，推断和猜测整个句子等深层次本事的考查。阅读材料贴近生活，同时题材广泛，体裁多样、生动趣味，并富有思想性。
3、书面表达难度控制合理。
书面表达给学生留有充分发挥本事的空间，加大了考查学生综合运用语言本事的力度，使试卷更具现实性。书面表达题对初中英语教学有着良好的导向作用，要求学生要充分运用所学语言记录自我的真实情感，进一步体现了英语学科的交际性和工具性。
二、试题分析
第一题：听力部分
第一大题中5个小题，相当基础，主要考查学生的基础知识掌握得如何，第二、三、四大题，则逐步地增大难度，人物主角的转换、地点的转移这要求学生要学会用英语思维研究问题，否则听力节奏跟不上，这暗示学生平时学英语，要慢慢锻炼自我学会用英语进行思考问题的本事。
第二题：词汇与语法
A）此题大部分学生答得较好，有少部分学生单词掌握得不够好，有个别拼写错误。
B）单项填空是一种常规题型，考查的知识点多，但难度不大。题干设计简洁，情景清楚。语法知识遵循新课标，有助于引导学生不要花很多的时光抠语法知识，而将更多的精力放在语言本事的培养上。
第三题：语言交际
此题的题型比以往的难度降低，绝大多数学生答得相对较好。
第四题：语篇理解
阅读部分所选的阅读文章题材多样化，主要考查学生对阅读材料的分析理解本事、推理确定本事和概括归纳本事。该大题在整篇考卷中得分率相对最低。失误原因是对于常见用语掌握的熟练程度还不够。基本功不扎实，知识掌握不到位。
第五部分：书面表达
考生在书面表达中所反映的问题主要有：基础不扎实，语言表述不清楚。主要表现在：语序混乱、语法结构错误、基本句型没掌握、单词拼写错误、时态错误等。
三、教学提议及反思
经过对英语试卷和考试情景的分析，针对英语教学中存在的问题，英语教学还要在以下几个方面作进一步的努力：
1、课改理念，钻研新教材，务实英语基础
2、确立语篇意识和综合意识，培养综合运用本事
八年级英语试题突出了语篇功能和综合运用本事。阅读理解试题是分值较高的试题。我们在平时的教学中要根据教材切实搞好语篇教学，并有意识、有计划地增加英语阅读量，题材、体裁要尽量多样化，经过很多的阅读，扩大学生的知识面，使学生熟悉不一样体裁、不一样题材文章的作题思路，提高阅读速度，提高驾驭语篇的本事。选材要尽量要贴近学生的生活实际，注意时代性、生活性和社会性。语篇难度适当，措辞浅显、生动、自然、地道，语句灵活且富于变化。在平时要经过阅读培养学生阅读多种文体的本事，如何从文章中获取信息的本事和运用英语解决实际问题的本事。在训练中要注意方法的多样化和灵活性，同时关注学生运用英语进行直接思维意识本事和习惯的培养，启发他们学会运用多种不一样的方法来表达同样的思想，提高用英语进行思维的本事，逐步培养良好的英语语感，提高英语语用本事。
3、加强英语课外阅读，提高信息素养
英语知识的获得与本事的提高是在不断的听、说、读、写的训练过程中逐步构成的，而教材和课堂所能供给的训练还是比较有限的。所以，要加强理解语篇的本事训练，增强英语语感。同时要增强信息意识，培养和提高信息素养，重视运用英语解决实际问题的本事。
总体来看，八年级英语试题难度虽不大，但出得很^v^活^v^，外语的功能性、交际性体现得淋漓尽致，试题的编制无论从技术层面或文化层面都体现了教学新导向、新思维，语言的灵活性和严谨性使得这份卷子很有份量。所以，在今后的教学中应注意开阔学生视野，多渠道、大容量地给学生供给具有时代感的英语信息，加强语言运用本事的培养，少讲解，多给学生实际运用语言的机会，在用中学英语，在学中用英语。
(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。
(2) 注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。
对应词的特点如下：
A. 原词
B. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。
C. 语态变化;一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。
D. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。
(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子，确定正确答案。
(4) 注意语法，所填答案必须符合语法规定。
(5) 注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。
NOTICE
1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。
若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如Use ONE OR TWO WORDS等，答案必须满足这个要求。
2. 若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。
如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。
3. 若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。
下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物，杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。
4. 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。
选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。
5. 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。
(1) 原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。
(2) 词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。
(3) 语态变化：原文为Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被动语态。
(4) 图表：如果原文中有图表，一般会有一题答案来自图表。
(5) 同义词：原文为tight，选项为restricted，是同义词。
(6) 归纳：有时文中没有直接提及，须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难，目前考试中，至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。
6.从选项中选词，如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。
这时，要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够，否则不建议大家这样做。
7. 如果要求自己写词，答案绝大部分是原文原词，少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。
要求自己写词的机率很小，遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词，剩下一个，原文原词是de-inked，答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。
雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类
雅思阅读：Coarse work
BRITISH universities, it appears, are considering abandoning a 200-year old system of degree classification in favour of the American GPA model. At present, students are bunched into grade clusters. The top 10-20% receive a “1st”, the majority receive a “” or “two-one” and the stragglers receive either a “two-two” or a “3rd”. The latter group can be very small (5%) at the elite universities but is larger nationally.
The main reasoning for this is that it is hard for employers to distinguish between graduates if everyone has a grade. But it is possible for employers to ask for a full transcript of individual grades, though this is not nearly as common in Britain as you might expect. The stronger point (which you might have already picked up on) is that the existing system can be difficult to interpret internationally. Adopting the GPA system would be helpful to undergraduates wishing to study or work abroad.
I think this might be missing a trick. My experience of the 1st/ system is that it has a very strong effect on students' work effort. For weaker students, either those of lower natural ability or the more workshy, fear of the notorious “Desmond” (cockney rhyming slang after the eponymous archbishop) is the ultimate motivator. Many attractive careers simply advertise the minimum requirement of a , and therefore getting the lower grade can be quite a handicap in the job market.
For stronger students, the aspiration of a first, the only true distinguisher in the system, is also a strong incentive. The risk is that working quite hard could leave you with only a high , largely indistinguishable from all other 's. The crudeness of the grading system drags everyone up.
An interesting paper by Pradeep Dubey and John Geanakoplos of the Cowles foundation at Yale Univeristy makes the same point. They write:
Suppose that the professor judges each student's performance exactly, though the performance itself may depend on random factors, in addition to ability and effort. Suppose also that the professor is motivated solely by a desire to induce his students to work hard. Third and most importantly, suppose that the students care about their relative rank in the class, that is, about their status. We show that, in this scenario, coarse grading often motivates the student to work harder.
One might think that finer hierarchies generate more incentives. But this is often not the case. Coarse hierarchies can paradoxically create more competition for status, and thus better incentives for work.
They give a simple example. Suppose there are two students, Brainy and Dumbo, with disparate abilities. Brainy achieves a uniformly higher score even when he shirks and Dumbo works. Suppose, for example, that Dumbo scores between 40 and 50 if he shirks, and between 50 and 60 if he works, while Brainy scores between 70 and 80 if he shirks and 80 and 90 if he works. With perfectly fine grading, Brainy will come ahead of Dumbo regardless of their effort levels. But since they only care about rank, both will shirk.
But, by assigning a grade A to scores above 85, B to scores between 50 and 85, and C to below 50, the professor can inspire Dumbo to work, for then Dumbo stands a chance to acquire the same status B as Brainy, even when Brainy is working. This in turn generates the competition which in fact spurs Brainy to work, so that with luck he can distinguish himself from Dumbo. He doesn't want to be mislabelled. With finer grading everyone gets their own label so this effect disappears.
The corollary to this in my example is that if the brainy student knows that even when slacking off he will still do measurably better than most students he may decide that he can still get a very good job with 70 to 80. There may be students who score 80 to 90 with superior credentials but academic performance is only part of the hiring criteria. If he can signal himself as a brainy student he might think this is enough.
However, critical to all this is that all exams are taken together, as they are at Oxford or Cambridge universities, usually at the end of the degree in a consecutive-day marathon. The trend in other British universities has been to examine various courses throughout the degree. The result is that those in the middle of the ability range can work very hard at the beginning, bank a and then slack off in the remaining years. It is partly for this reason that those universities pushing hardest for the changes have exams split across years. Oxford and Cambridge are less keen.
雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类
雅思阅读：Game lessons
It sounds like a cop-out, but the future of schooling may lie with video games
SINCE the beginning of mass education, schools have relied on what is known in educational circles as “chalk and talk”. Chalk and blackboard may sometimes be replaced by felt-tip pens and a whiteboard, and electronics in the form of computers may sometimes be bolted on, but the idea of a pedagogue leading his pupils more or less willingly through a day based on periods of study of recognisable academic disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, history, geography and whatever the local language happens to be, has rarely been abandoned.
Abandoning it, though, is what Katie Salen hopes to do. Ms Salen is a games designer and a professor of design and technology at Parsons The New School for Design, in New York. She is also the moving spirit behind Quest to Learn, a new, taxpayer-funded school in that city which is about to open its doors to pupils who will never suffer the indignity of snoring through double French but will, rather, spend their entire days playing games.
Quest to Learn draws on many roots. One is the research of James Gee of the University of Wisconsin. In Dr Gee published a book called “What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy”, in which he argued that playing such games helps people develop a sense of identity, grasp meaning, learn to follow commands and even pick role models. Another is the MacArthur Foundation's digital media and learning initiative, which began in and which has acted as a test-bed for some of Ms Salen's ideas about educational-games design. A third is the success of the Bank Street School for Children, an independent primary school in New York that practises what its parent, the nearby Bank Street College of Education, preaches in the way of interdisciplinary teaching methods and the encouragement of pupil collaboration.
Ms Salen is, in effect, seeking to mechanise Bank Street's methods by transferring much of the pedagogic effort from the teachers themselves (who will now act in an advisory role) to a set of video games that she and her colleagues have devised. Instead of chalk and talk, children learn by doing—and do so in a way that tears up the usual subject-based curriculum altogether.
Periods of maths, science, history and so on are no more. Quest to Learn's school day will, rather, be divided into four 90-minute blocks devoted to the study of “domains”. Such domains include Codeworlds (a combination of mathematics and English), Being, Space and Place (English and social studies), The Way Things Work (maths and science) and Sports for the Mind (game design and digital literacy). Each domain concludes with a two-week examination called a “Boss Level”—a common phrase in video-game parlance.
Freeing the helots
In one of the units of Being, Space and Place, for example, pupils take on the role of an ancient Spartan who has to assess Athenian strengths and recommend a course of action. In doing so, they learn bits of history, geography and public policy. In a unit of The Way Things Work, they try to inhabit the minds of scientists devising a pathway for a beam of light to reach a target. This lesson touches on maths, optics—and, the organisers hope, creative thinking and teamwork. Another Way-Things-Work unit asks pupils to imagine they are pyramid-builders in ancient Egypt. This means learning about maths and engineering, and something about the country's religion and geography.
Whether things will work the way Ms Salen hopes will, itself, take a few years to find out. The school plans to admit pupils at the age of 12 and keep them until they are 18, so the first batch will not leave until . If it fails, traditionalists will no doubt scoff at the idea that teaching through playing games was ever seriously entertained. If it succeeds, though, it will provide a model that could make chalk and talk redundant. And it will have shown that in education, as in other fields of activity, it is not enough just to apply new technologies to existing processes—for maximum effect you have to apply them in new and imaginative ways.
写作内容：
1.用约30个词概括上述利用排名( ratings)进行消费的现象；
2.谈谈你如何看待消费排名，然后用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。
写作要求：
1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3.不必写标题
评分标准：
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
满分范文
Possible version one:
As a major channel of consumption information, the rating is an efficient source of information for shopping in our own consumption. Interestingly, the same rating may have different influences on different consumers.
There is no doubt that it is unwise to depend completely on the ratings in consumption. The advantages and disadvantages of ratings are often closely related. It is necessary to hold an objective attitude towards ratings.
Possible version two:
Nowadays, most commodities or services are rated through certain channels. These ratings, easy to access, are playing an increasingly important role in customers' purchase decision. However, results are sometimes unsatisfactory.
There is no denying that such ratings might bring convenience to consumers, but they are often misleading and unreliable. As we all know, most of the ratings are based on others’ judgment on the product or service concerned. Every judgment comes from a specific need or a unique psychological state. Apparently, blindly following others' advice will affect our own judgment. Another fact should not be neglected that some of the ratings are the outcome of a careful manipulation of companies or sellers. It has become a common practice for some to pay
for good ratings on their products or services so as to increase their sales.
Therefore, we should give a second thought to these ratings whenever we go shopping.
【雅思阅读题型解析】填空题Summary题
总的来说，雅思阅读summary填空题主要有两种形式：
一种是单词填空式，这种形式主要针对文章全文或者部分段落写出的一篇摘要，空出若干空格，要求考生从文章中寻找相应的单词进行填空。
另一种是单词选择式，就是在第一种形式的基础上，额外提供了一个词库，要求考生从词库中选词填空。
下面环球雅思将详细讲解如何快速而有效的解答这两种形式的summary填空题。
一、单词填空式
解题策略：对于单词填空式题，一般把握三个关键信息： 逻辑关系词，语法属性，定位。
首先，观察空格前后是否有语义间有逻辑关系的连接词，即逻辑关系词推断。
这类表示空格前后内容逻辑关系的连接词主要包括：
①表示因果关系的词，如because，as，since，for，due to，thanks to，as a result of等。 在考试中，在因果关系中除了一些连接词的衔接外，还有一些表示因果关系的大词，如trigger，breed，induce，engender，generate，be responsible for，affect，determine等，这些词在语义中隐含了因果关系。 所以也是考生在解题中值得注意的。
②表示转折关系的词，如but，however，while，yet，instead，rather，whereas等
③表示让步关系的词，如despite，in spite of，although等
④表示并列关系的词，如and，both…and…，neither…nor等
⑤表示举例关系的词，如such as，for example等
观察有无这类词的目的在于为了回原文定位时，能缩小寻找范围，使定位更加准确。 在文章阅读中，题目中的某些单词会进行同义转换而变得面目全非，但是句意不会变，语义关系不会变，这是最可靠的定位依据。从而逻辑关系词对于考生在解题中把握语义间的内在关系起了关键作用。
如剑桥4 Test 2 Passage 1 Lost for words 一篇中的summary 题中
This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical ___Q1______。 But in today’s world，factors such as government initiatives and ____Q2_____ are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages。 One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their ____Q3_____。
解题中，对于Q1很多考生把geographical作为定位词，所以回到原文几乎是大海捞针。 但是这一题中由 as a result of 这一层因果关系给出启示： 空格处为原因。 前半句的great variety of language 表示结果。 所以从这一因果关系切入，可以在文中找到定位句 “Isolation breeds linguistic diversity”，isolation 导致great variety of languages，所以答案为isolation。 再看Q2，这一题中体现出多层语义关系。首先空格处和government initiatives 构成并列关系，其次这一并列词组隶属于上义词factors，即并列词组是因素之一。最后这些因素是导致语言数量下降的原因。 所以结合这层层关系，加以government initiatives 定位词的辅助，就可以找到定位句”…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalization”，即答案为economic globalization。对于Q3，虽然没有传统的因果信号词，但是one factor 已经给出因果关系的信号，要求考生所填的是使语言不至于消亡的因素，所以只需回到原文找提到预防语言消亡的方法的出题处。
其次，预测空格处所填的语法属性，即语法属性判断。
为了使所找的答案万无一失，还需要对空格处进行语法判断，这样一来，可以缩小选择的范围，使答案更加精确。 语法属性大致包括空格的词性，单复数以及句子成分。
如果空格前为形容词，那么空格处应为名词; 空格前为副词，那么空格处应为动词或形容词; 如果空格后面是be动词，那么空格应为名词复数或形容词。 从这些小细节可以看出雅思阅读考查的细腻。
以Cambridge 5 Test 1 Passage 1 Johnson’s Dictionary 中的summary 为例
Having rented a garret he took on a number of _____，who stood at a long central desk。
根据预测，空格处应填复数名词，再根据后面的定语从句，再次精确到填表示人的复数名词。 很多考生回原文找到assistants。 的确，assistants s看似符合我们的预测，但是却忽略了定语从句中的关键限制性的词组stood at a long desk。 所以根据这个限定，回原文找到对应的the copying clerks would work standing up。 因此正确答案是copying clerks或clerks。
再者，根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位。
总的来说，摘要填空题有一定的顺序原则，即填空题的出题顺序往往是按照文章段落的顺序。 结合这一题型特点，考生可以通过定位关键词回原文定位，无需从头至尾的阅读完整篇文章。
再以Cambridge 5 Test 1 Passage 1 Johnson’s Dictionary 中的summary 为例
Johnson did not have a ____Q5______ available to him，but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40，000 words written down in 80 large notebooks。 On publication，the Dictionary was immediately hailed in many European countries as a landmark。 According to his biographer，James Boswell，Johnson’s principal achievement was to bring ___Q6_____ to the English language。 As a reward for his hard work，he was granted a ___Q7____ by the king。
Q5中根据特殊定位词40，000和80 ，直接回到原文锁定定位句，然后通过预测判断出空格处所填的答案是一名词，而且离空格较近的地方有表示否定的概念 “did not have”，因此找到数字定位词后看定位句中是否有提到Johnson 没有什么。 根据原文中的without a library to hand，可以推断出所填的答案应是library。
再看Q6，这一题中的定位词很容易定位到人名 James Boswell，再加上另一个独特的名词principal achievement，能帮助考生较快锁定到倒数第二段的最后一句 “It is the cornerstone of Standard English，an achievement which，in James Boswell’s words，‘conferred stability on the language of his country’。” 然后根据语法属性的预测，得知所填的空做bring 的宾语，所以找到给英语语言带来什么就能迎刃而解了。即stability
同理，对于Q7，根据独特定位词king回原文中锁定到最后一段第一句 “…King George III to offer him a pension”。 Offer与题中的grant 同义，所以尽管语态的不一致，但是句义一致。 答案应填offer 的宾语，即pension。
对于有的基础差的考生，要求掌握通过逻辑关系词去分析语义间的关系似乎是比较困难的一件事，因此定位词可能是他们解答题目的机会。 再辅助一些必备的语法知识去进行预测判断，哪怕是不认识的单词或不理解的句子，有时候也能帮这些考生找到正确的答案。
二、单词选择式
对于单词选择式的填空题来说，考生需要从词库中选择符合题目要求的词，而题库中有可能成为答案的词有两种情况：1)是文章中的原词;2)是文章中原词的替换词。
第一种情况对考生来说更容易驾驭。考生只需按照上文中提到的解题策略，回原文确定所应填写的词，然后对应词库中的词得出选项。
第二种情况，考生可以先判断词库中的词为单一词性或多种词性，如果为单一词性，考生根据阅读理解文章原词的词义来寻找统一替换词。
如果是多种词性，首先对词汇按照词性分类，以便在确定空格内应填入的单词的词性后，在检索时缩小范围，提高做题准确率。
根据观察词库可以得出该词库为多种词性的词库。所以首先对词库进行大致的词性分类：名词(cost， technology，nutrition，education，medicine，pollution，health)， 动词( falling，increasing)， 形容词(undernourished，disabled，constant， independent)， 形容词的比较级(earlier，later，more)。 通过观察Q20 所填的词性判断，应填一名词。定位关键词link，life expectancy，回到原文找到与之同义转化的词组correlation， live longer。 从锁定的句子“one interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer。”中得出应填写的词与better-educated people 相关，对应词库中education 符合所填的信息。
三、总结
在解答雅思阅读summary时，逻辑关系词可以让考生较快找到答案的大致位置， 定位词可以有助于将大致方向缩小到一定范围，而借助语法属性的预测分析能具体确定答案。这三个关键信息是解答摘要题的支柱。当然，在解题过程中也不能小觑同义转化的作用。这些策略在解题中是相辅相成，互相补充。 因此，掌握这些策略对于考生较快又有效的解答摘要题是至关重要的。
影响雅思阅读答题效率的原因
首先，当然是词汇。任何一篇内容相对复杂的阅读文章，都不可避免地出现大量生僻词语或者是难度相对较大的单词。从文章的选材而言，范围是十分丰富的，主要来自世界各国主要的英文报刊杂志，内容涉及任何一个国家的文化、经济、自然和科技等。而IELTS考试所考查的，是实际运用语言的能力，所以在考试中真正需要理解的单词，或是题目中真正考查到的单词，往往是英语阅读中的一些最核心的单词。这些单词虽然数量不多，难度不大，但却是必须掌握的。就考试而言，掌握6000左右的常用词汇，即大学六级大纲中所要求的词汇是必须的。
第二，复杂的句型结构。有些同学的词汇量已经达到了6000左右，但是依然感觉读不懂文章，这就是因为文章中充斥着大量结构复杂难以把握的复杂句。如：The challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women, and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women, as well as for families and the community, if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life. 这是一个相对复杂的句子，主干是the challenge now is to develop policies and practices, 从based on到句子的结尾处是由过去分词短语充当的状语。后一个presumption后面有一个由that引导的从句，充当presumption的同位语。在同位语的后面，有一个if 引导的条件状语从句。一般而言，对同学们造成障碍的是并列句或并列复合句，倒装结构，所以在训练时可以精挑一个语段做仔细分析。建议大家最好在备考中将雅思阅读题型分类，多了解一下雅思常识。
第三，题型多样化。这个障碍使原本已经拥有相当英语语言实力的考生，在考试中因为缺乏对题型的理解，或是被众多题型干扰，不能正常发挥。一些必考题型如list of headings, summary, T/F/NG等，可以作为练习重点。如summary题是很多同学感到头痛的题型，普遍感到非常难找。其实不然，只要记住两大原则即可。原则一，顺序原则。summary题的答案排列顺序，必定与文章的行文顺序一致。原则二，完整的summary，不仅应该能够体现文章本身所表达的思想含义，而且必须是符合语法规律的英语文章。所以根据语法也可以进行判断。
The summary of “Nice Guys (And
Girls) Finish Together”
In Nicholas ’s “Nice Guys (And Girls) Finish Together”, which first appeared in the New York Times Magazine in 1997, he asserts that it is commendable that Japanese still value their civility, but in face of globalization, they should abandon the obsession with egalitarianism. Giving the game “musical chair”, once played by Japanese and American children as an example, he reveals an evidence of the cultural differences between Japanese and American. The former lays more emphasis on the balance of people’s relationship rather than on individual performance, while the latter tends to struggle for winning, even in some impolite manners.
SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT
《SUMMARY OF BILATERAL WTO AGREEMENT》
February 2,
AGRICULTURE
The Agreement would eliminate barriers and increase access for . exports across a broad range of commodities. Commitments include:
Significant cuts in tariffs that will be completed by January . Overall average for agricultural products will be percent and for . priority products 14 percent (down from 31 percent).
Establishment of a tariff-rate quota system for imports of bulk commodities, ., wheat, corn, cotton, barley, and rice, that provides a share of the TRQ for private traders. Specific rules on how the TRQ will operate and increased transparency in the process will help ensure that imports occur. Significant and growing quota quantities subject to tariffs that average between 1-3 percent.
Immediate elimination of the tariff-rate quota system for barley, peanut oil, sunflower-seed oil, cottonseed oil, and a phase-out for soybean oil.
The right to import and distribute products without going through a state-trading enterprise or middleman.
Elimination of export subsidies on agricultural products.
China has also agreed to the elimination of SPS barriers that are not based on scientific evidence.
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
China would lower tariffs and eliminate broad systemic barriers to . exports, such as limits on who can import goods and distribute them in China, as well as barriers such as quotas and licenses on . products.
TARIFFS
Tariffs cut from an average of percent to an average of percent overall and percent on . priority products.
China will participate in the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and eliminate all tariffs on products such as computers, telecommunications equipment, semiconductors, computer equipment, and other high-technology products.
In the auto sector, China will cut tariffs from the current 80-100% level to 25% by mid-, with the largest cuts in the first years after accession.
Auto parts tariffs will be cut to an average of 10% by mid-20_.
In the wood and paper sectors, tariffs will drop from present levels of 12?18% on wood and 15-25% on paper down to levels generally between 5% and .
China will also be implementing the vast majority of the chemical harmonization initiative. Under that initiative, tariffs will be at 0, and percent for products in each category.
ELIMINATION OF QUOTAS AND LICENSES
WTO rules bar quotas and other quantitative restrictions. China has agreed to eliminate these restrictions with phase-ins limited to five years.
Quotas: China will eliminate existing quotas upon accession for the top . priorities (. optic fiber cable). It will phase out remaining quotas, generally by , but no later than .
Quotas will grow from current trade levels at a 15% annual rate in order to ensure that market access increases progressively.
Auto quotas will be phased out by 20_. In the interim, the base-level quota will be $6 billion (the level prior to China's auto industrial policy), and this will grow by 15% annually until elimination.
RIGHT TO IMPORT AND DISTRIBUTE
Trading rights and distribution are among the top concerns for . manufacturers and agricultural exporters. At present, China severely restricts trading rights (the right to import and export) and the ability to own and operate distribution networks. Under the Agreement, trading rights and distribution services will be progressively phased in over three years. China will also open up sectors related to distribution services, such as repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking and air courier services.
SERVICES
China has made commitments to phase out most restrictions in a broad range of services sectors, including distribution, banking, insurance, telecommunications, professional services such as accountancy and legal consulting, business and computer related services, motion pictures and video and sound recording services. China will also participate in the Basic Telecommunications and Financial Services Agreements.
GRANDFATHERING
China will grandfather the existing level of market access already in effect at the time of China's accession for . services companies currently operating in China. This will protect existing American businesses operating under contractual or shareholder agreements or a license from new restrictions as China phases in their commitments.
DISTRIBUTION AND RELATED SERVICES
China generally prohibits foreign firms from distributing products other than those they make in China, or from controlling their own distribution networks. Under the Agreement, China has agreed to liberalize wholesaling and retailing services for most products, including imported goods, throughout China in three years. In addition, China has agreed to open up the logistical chain of related services such as maintenance and repair, storage and warehousing , packaging, advertising, trucking and air express services, marketing, and customer support in three to four years.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
China now prohibits foreign investment in telecommunications services. For the first time, China has agreed to permit direct investment in telecommunications businesses. China will also participate in the Basic Telecommunications Agreement. Specific commitments include:
Regulatory Principles ?- China has agreed to implement the pro?competitive regulatory principles embodied in the Basic Telecommunications Agreement (including interconnection rights and independent regulatory authority) and will allow foreign suppliers to use any technology they choose to provide telecommunications services.
China will gradually phase out all geographic restrictions for paging and value-added services in two years, mobile voice and data services in five years, and domestic and international services in six years.
China will permit 50 percent foreign equity share for value-added and paging services two years after accession, 49 percent foreign equity share for mobile voice and data services five years after accession, and for domestic and international services six years after accession.
INSURANCE
Currently, only two . insurers have access to China's market. Under the agreement:
China agreed to award licenses solely on the basis of prudential criteria, with no economic-needs test or quantitative limits on the number of licenses issued.
China will progressively eliminate all geographic limitations within 3 years. Internal branching will be permitted consistent with the elimination of these restrictions.
China will expand the scope of activities for foreign insurers to include group, health and pension lines of insurance, phased in over 5 years. Foreign property and casualty firms will be able to insure large-scale commercial risks nationwide immediately upon accession.
China agreed to allow 50 percent ownership for life insurance. Life insurers may also choose their own joint venture partners. For non-life, China will allow branching or 51 percent ownership on accession and wholly owned subsidiaries in 2 years. Reinsurance is completely open upon accession (100 percent, no restrictions).
BANKING
Currently foreign banks are not permitted to do local currency business with Chinese clients (a few can engage in local currency business with their foreign clients). China imposes severe geographic restrictions on the establishment of foreign banks.
China has committed to full market access in five years for . banks.
Foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with Chinese enterprises starting 2 years after accession.
Foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with Chinese individuals from 5 years after accession.
Foreign banks will have the same rights (national treatment) as Chinese banks within designated geographic areas.
Both geographic and customer restrictions will be removed in five years.
Non-bank financial companies can offer auto financing upon accession.
SECURITIES
China will permit minority foreign-owned joint ventures to engage in fund management on the same terms as Chinese firms. By three years after accession, foreign ownership of these joint ventures will be allowed to rise to 49 percent. As the scope of business expands for Chinese firms, foreign joint venture securities companies will enjoy the same expansion in scope of business. In addition, 33 percent foreign?owned joint ventures will be allowed to underwrite domestic equity issues and underwrite and trade in international equity and all corporate and government debt issues.
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
China has made strong commitments regarding professional services, including the areas of law, accounting, management consulting, tax consulting, architecture, engineering, urban planning, medical and dental services, and computer and related services. China's commitments will lead to greater market access opportunities and increased certainty for American companies doing business in China.
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MOTION PICTURES, VIDEOS, SOUND RECORDINGS
China will allow the 20 films to be imported on a revenue-sharing basis in each of the 3 year
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