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Acknowledgments
Abstract
Chapter One Introduction
1-1 The Motivation of the Study
1-2 The Purpose of the Study
1-3 The Significance of the Study
Chapter Two Literature Review
2-1 Definition of Games
2-2 Characteristics of Games
2-3 The Research Situations of Game Teaching in Foreign Countries
2-3-1 Game Teaching before Froebel
2-3-2 Froeble’s Game Teaching
2-3-3 The Form and the Development of Modern Game Teaching
2-4 The Research Situations of Game Teaching in China
Chapter Three Theoretical Framework
3-1 The Characteristics of Children
3-1-1 Cognitive Development of the Young Learner
3-1-2 Psychological Feature of the Young Learners on Learning
3-2 Stephen Krashen’s Theories of Second Language Acquisition
3-2-1 The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
3-2-2 The Input Hypothesis
3-2-3 The Affective Filter Hypothesis
Chapter Four Research Design
4-1 Research Hypothesis
4-2 Research Questions
4-3 Subjects
4-4 Instruments
4-5 Procedures
Chapter Five Results and Analysis
5-1 Results and Analysis of the Questionnaire
5-2 Results and Analysis of the Classroom Observations
5-3 Results and Analysis of the Interview with Teachers
5-4 Reflection on the Results of Research
5-4-1 Updating Teachers’ Knowledge Stores
5-4-2 Improving Game Teaching Strategy
5-4-3 Maximizing Students’ Participation
5-4-4 Enhancing the Interaction
5-5 Effective Game Teaching Strategy
5-5-1 Delicate Presupposition
5-5-2 Proper Guide
5-5-3 Constant Interaction
5-5-4 Timely Summarization
Chapter Six Conclusion
6-1 Major Findings
6-2 Limitations of the Present Study
6-3 Suggestions
Bibliography
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
论文题目：On Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability in Chinese Version of The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe from Perspective of Functionalism
Abstract:This thesis is an attempt to apply functionalism to literary translation and prove its feasibility by analyzing the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe causing by cultural gaps. Functionalism is a broad term for various theories that approach translation by focusing on the function or functions of texts and translations. And the four important representatives of functionalism are Katharina Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer, Justa Holz-Mnttri and Christiane Nord. This thesis attempts to apply the core rules of Skopostheorie –？to analyze the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe which is caused by cultural gaps, in the hope of gaining a better understanding of literary translation from the perspective of functionalism.
This paper is composed of four chapters. The first one is introduction. Chapter 2 introduces the German Functionalism and translation theories including a brief introduction to the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe and the author Defoe. Chapter 3 goes over the application of the main translation theory Skopostheorie in analyzing the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe causing by cultural gaps with analyzing the culture factor in translation. Besides, this chapter also analyses the limitations of Skopostheorie. In chapter 4, the final conclusion is that functionalism is also applicable to literary translation and can provide a different perspective in solving the untranslatability causing by cultural gaps.
Key Words: functionalism; skopostheorie; untranslatability; culture gaps; The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to mysupervisor, Professor Jia Aiwu. I have benefited tremendously from her criticalthinking and insightful viewpoint. Through his patient instruction,I finally focusedon the object studied in this thesis, and obtained valuable advice on aspects rangingfrom frame work constructing and data collection to elaborated analysis.
Secondly, I'm profusely grateful to my respected predecessors and teachers.
Without their precious suggestions, I could not have come this far in this thesis.
Moreover, I owe my thanks to my family and friends, who have always supportedme with their generous encouragements and praises.
Last but not least, I sincerely thank my fellow classmates. We share joys andanxieties, which propels us forward together throughout the arduous journey.
如何撰写论文摘要
摘要的的分类
论文摘要一般位于论文正文之前，起总结概述作用。根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要。
论文摘要怎么写
摘要是论文的概述性语言，虽说篇幅不大，可却是一篇论文的精华之处。一般由具体研究的对象、方法、结果、结论四要素组成。
对象：是论文研究调查的所具体的主题范围，体现出论文的论述内容、要解决的主要问题等。 方法：是论文对研究对象进行研究的过程中所运用的各种途径，例如：原理、理论、条件、材料、工艺等，是完成研究对象的必要手段。
撰写步骤
摘要作为一种特殊的`陈述性短文，书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同。用重要的事实开头，突出论文新的信息，即新立题、新方法、结论与结果的创新性等。这些信息要能完全、准确的回答摘要的四要素所涉及的问题，语句要精炼。摘要中涉及他人的工作或研究成果的，尽量列出他们的名字，将这些零散信息，组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子，再进一步组成通畅的短文，通读此短文，反复修改，达到摘要的要求。
写作技巧
技巧二：多向指导教师和同学请教，并根据提供的意见和建议及时修改，以期达到更高水平。 技巧三：叙述要完整，要有逻辑性，短文结构要合理，在简短的篇幅下尽量是语言优美。 技巧四：从小从专，即是指软文撰稿者在进行选则和提炼摘要时，要从专业出发，从小处入手进行突破，切记全而不专，大而空洞。
一、论文摘要的定义
论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。
二、论文摘要的分类
根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要
(1) 报道性摘要: 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.
(2) 指示性摘要: 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要, 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文.
(3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分.
三、论文摘要的写法
四、论文摘要写作的注意事项
(1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容；切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要；一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
(2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》，摘要的开头就不要再写：“为了??，对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。
(3)结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。摘要慎用长句，句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词，但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文，电报式的写法亦不足取。摘要不分段。
(5)要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。
(6)除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。
(7)不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。
(8))缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于摘要的编写。目前摘要编写中的主要问题有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法；出现引文，无独立性与自明性；繁简失当。
In the paper completed, I feel excited. From the topics of the paper, the collection of data to the writing and layout of the paper, I got a lot of enthusiastic help.
First of all, I would like to thank Mr. Zhang Yuqing, who led me to the door of information security, and put forward a lot of valuable comments on my research, so that my research work has a goal and direction. In the past two years, he was careful guidance and education to me. It enables me to study and improve continuously, and the research results of these topics have also become the main material of this paper. At the same time, Zhang profound knowledge, rigorous scholarship attitude also makes me very admire, is my model of learning and work. Thank the teacher for my care and attention, in this to express our sincere gratitude.
Thanks to my parents and girlfriend bear, giving unlimited love in life, especially the cubs, and when she did not cherish the love, her love, lost her life and perhaps even too late to regret, for there is no chance, when approaching graduation, deeply regret to say to you: xxxyou love let me grow up and know how to love, and I let you scarred, and you have to flee, if there is any chance, if there is the afterlife, I will put you in the palm of carexxx.
Thank you for working life in the prevention center colleagues, Dr. Zhang Dehua, Dr. Liu Xiangning, Dr. Mao Jian, Zhao Honghao, Jia Suping, Li Haibao, Sun Pengpeng, Yang Xiaoyan, Huang Dandan, Wang Ruoxin, Yang Ni, Yu Junsong, because you have a wonderful and fulfilling life.
Thank you in the study of information security professional students spend time together students, Jiang Bailiang, Shi Miaolei, Zhang Jun, Cheng Liang, Jing Wong, Wu Jingjing, Hu Hao, Jia Wei, Liu Ziwen, Liu Jingxuan, Deng Yi, Wang Xianggen, Wei Yong, Ren Rong, and spend the internship at the state Key Laboratory of information security years.
1、在正文中，数字10 以下用英语拼出， 10 以上(包括10) 用阿拉伯数字
序数词10 以下用英语拼出，10 以上( 包括10)用阿拉伯数字，如the 10th lunar month， the second lunar month ( 注意: th 不做上标) 。
带小数点的数字全部用阿拉伯数字表示，如 和 等。
数字超过1000，必须表达为1,000。
2、百分数范围的书写: 每个百分数后面的“%”都要重复写出，例如“50% ～70%”不能写成“50 ～70%”
3、数字与单位之间要空格，例如: km，m 和cm等与前面的数字之间要空格，例如1， 000 km，而不要连在一起。
一、什么是论文摘要?
即摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。
摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。
内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。
二、论文摘要的类型
根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要.
(1) 报道性摘要: 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论.
通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.
(2) 指示性摘要:一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等.
该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文.
(3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分.
三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?
摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。
摘要的.四要素：
(1)目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;
(2)方法: 采用的手段和方法;
(3)结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果，;
(4)结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点，论文的新见解。
四、写作规范与要求
(1) 摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要，一般也不要对论文内容做诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
(2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。
(3)结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。
(4)用第三人称。
(5)要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。
(6)除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。
(7)不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。
(8)缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时 必须加以说明。
ABSTRACT
William Faulkner is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century.
As a leader ofAmerican “Southern Renaissance”, he won the Nobel Prize of literature in 1949 for “hispowerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”.
(Faulkner,1949) Light in August is one of his masterpieces which explore moral themes related tothe decline of the old South.
This thesis primarily concentrates on hard-to-defineidentity of the protagonist-Joe Christmas with the application of the post-colonialisttheory.
Identity, from the perspective of post-colonialism, is a dynamic process ofconstruction involved with historical and social elements.
It is neither natural nor stable,but invented and constructed outside.
In the novel, Joe Christmas is regarded as amulatto suspect because of his birth riddle, despite the fact that there is no clearevidence about his uncertainty.
Caged within the racism-rooted southern society, Joe'suncertain identity sets him onto the tragic life, for this ambiguity itself is a threat to thestability of the community.
On the one hand, Joe is in the endless pursuit of his ownidentity under the influence of society.
He is so obsessed with locating his own positionand seeking the sense of belonging that he cannot find peace in deep heart.
It turns outthat all his efforts fail, without satisfactory consequences.
In a certain sense, Joe createsthe predicament for himself.
Having failed to apply the strategy of hybridity inpost-colonialism to fight back the society, Joe is doomed to be ostracized andabandoned by the mainstream white society.
He is like a round peg in a square hole,wavering between the white and the black community all his lifetime.
On the other hand,the whole society is keen to pin down Joe's clear identity in his own will, regardless ofJoe's intention.
In a hierarchical society, it is the racial prejudice and different socialpowers that create and construct Joe as a part nigger.
There are four chapters in the thesis besides Introduction and Conclusion parts.
Chapter One is the literature review of Light in August both at home and abroad.
Chapter Two gives an overview of the post-colonialist theories, especially theories ofidentity construction, which constitutes the theoretical foundation.
Chapters Three andFour are the main body, respectively analyzing both the internal and external elementsof Joe's identity dilemma in the light of the post-colonial theories.
In conclusion, the indeterminacy of Joe Christmas' identity demonstrates that theessence of identity issue is not whether one is a black or not, but the social constructionof identity of human beings.
ABSTRACT
The term “intertextuality”, which was introduced by French literary critics JuliaKristeva in the 1960s, refers to the relationship between texts.
And it has been in thespotlight of the academic world since its debut.
Kristeva claims that every text isconstructed as a mosaic of quotations; every text is the absorption and transportation ofother texts.
The theory of intertextuality not only brings about great social, cultural andhistorical significance, but also stimulates a new thought and a refreshing researchperspective for the evolution of translation theory.
Biancheng, a novella that expresses the localism, is the masterpiece of the famousmodern Chinese writer Shen Congwen.
The story happened in a border town namedChadong of Xiangxi in the 1930s, and it depicts the special local flavor of Xiangxidistrict.
At the same time, the novel showcases the kindness of the humanity and thepurity of the soul by describing the tragic story of a girl called Cuicui.
The novel hasattracted lots of readers at home and abroad for its unique artistic charm and vivid localflavor.
The thesis deals with the two representative English versions of Biancheng, one isfrom the famous British translator Gladys Yang, the other is from the Americansinologist Jeffrey C.
Kinkley.
The author engages in the exploration of how to apply thetheory of intertextuality to the translation of novels from theory and practice and tries todig up a new perspective concerning the translation studies of Biancheng as an effort toprove the fact that the theory of intertextuality can not only be viewed as epistemologybut also be taken as methodology for the research of novel translation.
All in all, two research methods are included in this thesis.
First and foremost, thecombination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis runs through the wholethesis in order to reflect the frequency distribution for use of domestication andforeignization; in addition, the thesis mainly uses the case analysis, especially in themain body part.
It expounds the enlightenment the theory of intertextuality brings to thenovel translation by comparing different translations of the different Chineseculture-specific items (CSI) in terms of linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture.
The features of the application of the intertextuality into thetranslation studies are as follows: it pays much more attention to the translator'ssubjectivity and manifests the nature of translation activities as intertextuality in aclearer way.
Thus, it helps to build the new intertextual connections between the sourcetext and the target text and provide fresh new theoretical support for the of the translation studies.
This thesis can be divided into six parts.
In the Introduction, the author displays a brief introduction of the researchbackground, research significance, the methodology, and the structure of the thesisrespectively.
Chapter One is the review of the previous studies on Biancheng and its Englishtranslations both at home and abroad.
Chapter Two is primarily concerned with the establishment and development of thetheory of intertextuality, and then the relationship between the theory of intertextualityand translation will be presented.
Chapter Three is about Biancheng and its two English translations.
It not onlypresents a brief introduction of Shen Congwen, but also elaborates the description of thetwo translators---Gladys Yang and Jeffrey C.
Kinkley.
Meanwhile, it provides us withthe background information about the formation process of these two English versions.
Chapter Four is the main body of the thesis.
The author initiates the comparativestudy of the two English versions of Biancheng by detailed analysis of five differenttypes of culture-specific items, namely linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture,The last part is the Conclusion.
The author holds that Biancheng contains a lot ofdifferent types of intertextual signals of Chinese culture-specific items which can betraced in other previous texts.
At the same time, because of the different environmentand cultural background, the two translators share different understandings on theintertextual signals of those culture-specific items, resulting in the two translators'
different choices of different translation strategies.
Gladys Yang's version involves bothdomestication and foreignization, and foreignization occupies a larger percentage.
Asthis version got published in 1981, the readers from the English speaking countriescould grasp the style and content of the translated version in a rather difficult way;while Kinkley's version was out in 20_, and he tended to use more foreignization thanthat of Gladys Yang, which helped to meet the needs of those foreign readers who notonly possessed basic knowledge of China and Chinese culture, but also yearned forhaving a better understanding of Chinese culture.
In addition, Kinkley's versionsuccessfully maintained the local flavor of the source text, helps transmit Chineseculture to the world, and making it a worthwhile material for further study.
Abstract
With the development of optical networks, the architecture of optical networkbecome more and more complex, so the demand to establish monitoring network foroptical network is urgent and necessary.
Traditional optical network monitoring systemfocused on the terminal of equipment, take the form of protection switching when thebreakdown of network to keep the integrity of the network,but this method can not givethe type and location of breakdown in optic cable.
“Multi-fible monitoring system” isproposed to solve this problem.
This system, based on the principle of backscatter, consists of OTDR block,opticalswitching, computers, embedded operating systems etc.
It establishes a monitoring systemwhich could efficiently manage the complex optical networks.
In this thesis,it firstlyintroduces the present research background of OTDR,describes the optical principle offiber measurement and the structure of modern digital OTDR block;then it gives thearchitecture of the fiber monitoring system which consist of MCU,OTDR block,opticalswitching,Ethernet and management software;at last it mainly introduces the self-defineprotocols,with these protocols we can request measurement,modify IP address ofMCU,switch the fiber link we measured,cancel the measurement and store the result ofmeasurement.
关键词：英语论文格式英文摘要范例
摘要：威尼斯商人》是莎士比亚戏剧作品之一，它的主题是歌颂善良，友谊和爱。
在这里，我们要提及人文主义—那段时期主要的特征区别，也展现在这部戏里最重要的角色上。
摘 要
《威尼斯商人》是莎士比亚戏剧作品之一，它的主题是歌颂善良，友谊和爱。
在这里，我们要提及人文主义—那段时期主要的特征区别，论文格式也展现在这部戏里最重要的角色上。
女权主义是人文主义最重要的一部分之一。
它的主要的目标和内容都是从人文主义的思想体系和人物性格中学习而来的。
人们研究莎剧主要从人文主义思想和人物形象两方面研究。
本文将从女性和女权主义角度分析《威尼斯商人》,结合该作品主要内容和背景,评议作品中的三个女性人物形象及其表现,揭示《威尼斯商人》深刻反映的女权和女性主义思想。
通过女性主义“妇女形象”批评方法，发现莎士比亚塑造了反传统的、具有现代思想的女性。
同男性形象相比，女性处于主动、中心地位而男性别处于被动、服从地位。
这与其他女性批评家所批评的男性笔下两个极端类型——好女人，坏女人相去甚远;相反的，他创造的女性人物有着反传统的和现代的思想。
莎翁的女性形象打破了父权中心，解构了父权社会对妇女的界定，指明了莎士比亚的女权主义倾向。
关键词：人类 ;精神 ;女性意识;价值;
Abstract
The Merchant of Venice is one of dramatic work write by Shakespeare. Its theme is to extol kindness, friendship and love，There, we mention Humanism—the main distinguishable feature of that period, also the bright characteristic which is shown from the important role in this play. Feminism is an important part of Humanism. And the main target and content are studied from this work are its humanism ideology and character image. In accordance with the related bibliographies and spirit essences of female and feminism, while combining with the main contents and backgrounds of the work, this paper sees through and analysis’s the work from the angle of the female and feminism, as well as makes judgments on three female characters’ appearances and behaviors in this drama and reveals the feminism and female ideology that The Merchant of Venice has deeply reflected. The paper intends to make an analysis of the merchant in Venice in the critics of the women image of feminism and finds that the women image in Shakespeare's works is not the two extreme type created by female authors who are criticized by the feminism critics: good woman and bad woman; on the contrary, he creates the female characters with anti-tradition and modern ideas. Compared with the male characters, the female ones are active and in central position and the male ones passive and subornation. Thus the patriarchy-centered and deconstructs the definition of women in a patriarchal society and indicates the feminism tendency in Shakespeare's works.
Keywords: human; spirits; female consciousness; value
英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。
主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。
各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。
需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。
如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。
一、什么是论文摘要?
1.论文摘要即“摘其要点而发”。
2.论文摘要是对论文內容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。
3.摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
4.论文摘要就是论文内容提要,是在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，提取论文的主要信息。
6.内涵：短文
7.外延：陈述论文主要内容的简明、确切的，不加解释和评论的。
9.论文摘要是简明、确切、不加解释和评论地陈述论文主要内容的短文。
二、论文摘要起什么作用?
不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。
1.读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充题名的不足。现代科技文献信息浩如烟海，读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文，主要就是通过阅读摘要来判断;所以，摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍给读者的任务。
2. 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。论文发表后，文摘杂志或各种数据库对摘要可以直接利用，论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献的重要工具。所以论文摘要的质量高低，直接影响着论文的被检索率和被引频次。
三、论文摘要应包含那些内容?
摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。
摘要的四要素：
1.目的: 研究的目的、范围、重要性;
2.方法: 采用的手段和方法;
3.结果: 完成了哪些工作取得的数据和结果;
4.结论: 得出的重要结论及主要观点，论文的新见解。
(1)目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复。
(2)方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。
(3)结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。
(4)结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的`意义，理论与实际相结合的价值。
with the speedy social and economic development,__has been
causes for the issue are complicated with multiple
reasons,mainly from three and foremost,the main reason is the ever-growing coordinating and controlling power and function exercised by in addition,a solid of foundation for such a tendency has been laid last but not the leastthe author reckons that we should take various kinds of realistic factors into account. generally speaking,it is necessary for us to enhance the awareness of people thatis extremely vital to us.
deducted and paid by our better development in domestic market, mr.(ms.) xxx decided to go to spain to d……
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中文摘要 3-4
ABSTRACT 4
Chapter One Introduction 7-10
Motivation of the present study 7-8
Significance of this study 8
Composition of this thesis 8-10
Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19
Language production 10-14
L1 Production 10-11
L2 Production 11-12
Dimensions of language production 12-14
Theories on oral output 14-15
Skehan’s dual-model system 14
Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15
Task Repetition 15-17
Task 15-16
Task repetition 16-17
Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19
CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25
Research justification and questions 19
Hypothesis 19-20
Methods 20-25
Participants 20-21
Material 21
Research design 21-23
Measures 23-25
Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41
Results and Analysis 25-34
Quantitative analysis 25-27
Qualitative analysis 27-34
Discussion 34-41
Fluency 34-36
Complexity 36-38
Accuracy 38-39
interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41
Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44
Conclusion and implication 41-43
Limitations and recommendations 43-44
Acknowledgements 44-45
References 45-49
Appendixes 49-54
A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50
B. The same-content task 50-51
C. The different-content task 51-52
D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53
E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54
F. Sample of writing repetition task 54
正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。
引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。
现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。
1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。
The divorce of Arnolds personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).
2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:
Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”
is an admirable and characteristic
diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it
Whitman is unable to conceive the
extreme crises of society, one is certain
that no society would be tolerable whoses
citizens could not find refreshment in its
buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)
这里的格式有两点要加以注意。
一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。
3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。
points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).
论文题目：On Advertisement Translation from English to Chinese in Light of Functional Equivalence
Abstract:The theories which proposed by Eugene A. Nida have affected many Chinese and foreign translators for a long time, especially the theory of functional equivalence. Functional equivalence refers to the equivalence on the functions but not on the forms and structures.
In our daily life, we live with different advertisements, some of which are translated works. These advertisements are aimed at giving the potential customers a lasting impression and persuading them to buy their product. Therefore, in order to express the ideas of the original works and realize the goal for sale, the translators should take account of the cultural elements and social elements in order to achieve functional equivalence.
This paper consists of three parts. The first part deals with the concept of functional equivalence and its aims and principles. The main aim of functional equivalence is to represent the information of the original work in the target language and achieve the equivalence of functions of languages. In order to make this concept clear, the author gives a brief introduction of different functions. Although different languages have different characteristics, their functions are nearly the same. That is to name the reality and to communicate with the people. The second part deals with the target, principles, requirements and cultural elements of advertisement translation. The third part, the most important part, points out the three main aspects of functional equivalence, semantic equivalence, social-cultural equivalence and stylistic equivalence. At the meantime, the equivalence on different levels and how to achieve functional equivalence in advertisement translation are also systematically illustrated.
Key words: functional equivalence; advertisement translation; cultural elements
论文题目：On the Title of EST and Aesthetic Effect in Its Translation
Abstract: With the development of science and technology, translation of English of Science and Technology has become more and more important. A good title can help readers understand the main ideas about some articles of science and technology at the first step. And a good translation can also shows the artistic effect and the content of the translator. The author wants to offer all the translation learners some ways to attract more readers by researching the titles of EST and artistic effects of them in this essay.
Key words: EST; title; translation; artistic effects
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作
A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
the impressive dissertation has subtly revealed a thought-provoking social phenomenon which is pr出现恶意脚本ent all over the are a number of reasons for the significant all, the author maintains that as a matter of factthroughout history people of different cultures have regardedas the most vital cause moreover, it is the writer‘s view that there are good reasons to advocate_in the long factor includes the pillaring and propelling due consideration of the analysis above we may draw a conclusion thatreally counts in this society.
下面摘取硕士学位论文的摘要中的一部分作为参考：
首先，该篇论文的摘要是分段叙述的，分别重点对研究目的、研究方法和研究结果、研究结论进行了概括：
“中国是世界秸秆大国。秸秆资源的开发利用，既涉及到农业生产系统中的物质高效转化和能量高效循环……”
这篇论文的摘要开篇阐明研究目的或者是研究的必要性：关系到多项生态系统中的可持续发展问题和农民的生活环境问题。
“秸秆资源数量估算主要有三种方法：一是草谷比法；二是副产品比重法；三是收获指数法……”
接下来摘要对研究方法进行了简单的总结，即根据国家公布的相关数据利用三种方法对秸秆资源的数量进行了估算，并对研究结果进行了分析。
如何写论文摘要
如何写论文摘要【1】
一、论文摘要的定义
摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等.而重点是结果和结论。
中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。
除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。
论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。
摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。
摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。
内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。
英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的.内容不能遗漏。
二、论文摘要的分类
根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要
(1) 报道性摘要: 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.
(2) 指示性摘要: 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要, 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文.
(3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分.
三、论文摘要的写法
目前，我国期刊上发表的论文，多采用报道性摘要。
即包括论文的目的、方法、结果和结论等四部分内容。
而毕业论文的摘要的写法多是采用指示性摘要的写法，即概括文章的主题和主要内容。
四、论文摘要写作的注意事项
(1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
(2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。
比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》，摘要的开头就不要再写：“为了……，对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。
(3)结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。
摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。
句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。
摘要慎用长句，句型应力求简单。
每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词，但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文，电报式的写法亦不足取。
摘要不分段。
(4)用第三人称。
(5)要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。
新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。
(6)除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。
(7)不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。
(8))缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。
科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于摘要的编写。
目前摘要编写中的主要问题有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法;出现引文，无独立性与自明性;繁简失当。
如何写论文摘要【2】
论文摘要在论文中占据重要的作用，是开启全篇论述，概述论文内容的关键，因此，代写毕业论文或论文发表应尤其重视论文摘要的规范书写格式。
1.摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要，一般也不要对论文内容做诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。
2.不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。
3.结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。
摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。
句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。
摘要慎用长句，句型应力求简单。
每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词，但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文，电报式的写法亦不足取。
摘要不分段。
4.用第三人称。
5.要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。
新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括
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