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在执行上级党组织决定方面存在的问题及整改措施范文(通用6篇)
2023-06-15
说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。
说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。
说明文的写作应该注意的`事项有下面几点：
1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。
2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。
3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。
4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。
What is healthy diet? To the most people, healthy diet means more greenfoods, no junk foods. The green food is those pollution-free, high quality andnutrient food, including the organic vegetables and meats, fruits, eggs and soon.
The meals of healthy diet should be cooked with fewer salt and oil. And thejunk food is those low nutrition, high calorie, processed food with much salt oroil, such as the fries, fried chickens, salted eggs and so on. These foods willcause one get weight and increase the risk of many diseases.
We should keep ahealthy diet, abandon the junk food to keep ourselves healthy.
On March 5th，, the city of Shenyang saw a disaster of snowstorm that had never happened in the past hundred years.
The snowstorm lasted for a whole day, greatly affecting the life of people.
Early in the morning it snowed heavily.
Many vehicles were trapped on the roads.
Therefore, people were forced to head for their destinations on foot.
Not only were all the flights canceled but also many trains were delayed.
The city government called on all the citizens and soldiers to take an active part in the activities of clearing snow. Besides, the city government took all kinds of urgent measures to rescue the people trapped in the snowstorm to ensure that everything returned to normal as soon as possible.
Experiencing such a severe snowstorm, I firmly believe that united, we are strong; divided, we are weak,
翻译：3月5日，沈阳市下了一场百年以来最大的暴风雪。这场暴风雪持续下了一天,给人们的生活带来了巨大的影响。
早晨外面大雪纷飞，许多车辆被困在路上。因此，人们被迫步行前往目的地。不但所有航班被取消，而且列车也叫被迫延迟。市政府号召全市军民参与除雪活动。此外，市政府及时采取措施解救受 困群众，确保市民生活尽快恢复正常。
经历了这样一场严重的暴风雪，我坚信团结我们就会强大,分裂我们就会弱小。
August 3rd，20__ Fine
Today we buy many clothes， and parents take to the streets is happy， the parents have to pay to buy things. Unlike in their street to buy things they like to take a long time but saw the price， Ha-ha， is really very happy. I love my parents， I too thank them for the care and love.
It is important to make sure that others know about your strengths and accomplishments; if you are not so,you will be never successful in life.
If people are unaware of your talents and other good qualities, you obviously will not stand out among your peers. To be successful you not only have to work hard, but you have to make sure others know you work hard, as well. Of course you should let others know of your strength and accomplishments, but the best way to let them know is by showing, not by just telling.
College applications-or applications of any kind-are a perfect example. Colleges want what kind of student you are and what kind of student you will be in college. You must show them that you are a good student and that you are interested in whatever you want to study. But in the essay, you cannot just state that you are a good student, are hardworking, and enjoy mathematics; you must show them. If you are interested in mathematics, then you probably did something in high school related to mathematics, such as the math club. In your essay, you must be sure to mention your participation in math club, but also activities your math club in order to show colleges that you will be active in your mathematics major. If you simply state that you like math, colleges will not be as impressed.
It is important to let others know of your achievements; otherwise you will not be successful in life. The field of science can provide many examples of the validity of this statement. In science, communicating your discoveries is as important as discovery things in the first place. Everybody knows that the scientists Watson and Crick discovered the double-helix structure of DNA. Many people are not aware that this model was first theorized by a female scientist working in the same lab as Watson and Crick. However, Watson and Crick published their findings before the woman published her own findings. In science, credit is given to whoever publishes first, so the Watson and Crick are given full credit for the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA. In order to be successful, you must let other people know of your accomplishments.
Granted, there is a fine line between letting people know about your accomplishments and simply showing off.
Nobody likes a show-off, so you must be careful not to rub people the wrong way with your success. People always say that actions speak louder than words, which is good advice to keep in mind when you are trying to let other people
know of your success. Don't just tell people you're good at writing. Start a blog and show people how accomplished of a writer you are.
The key to success is to play to your strengths and to not be shy about showing other people your talents. (460 words)
陶艺是一个艺术，今天，我们就打开了这扇艺术的大门，自己亲手制作陶瓷。
中国是陶瓷古国，说起陶瓷，外国人就会想到中国。陶艺是一种人工形态。陶瓷形态的基本材料是土、水、火。人只有掌握了水土揉合的可塑性，流变性，以及成型方法和烧结规律，才能促成陶艺形态的产生和演化，使陶瓷器物产生美的形式。同是注重造型与装饰的有机结合，通过人们敏锐的灵感和创新意识，捕捉并揭示泥土的塑性美、柔韧美以及表现活力，这样就出现了全新陶艺形态，为智慧的人所掌握、发展、创新。任何艺术发展到一定阶段，都会形成完整的技巧。
今天一早，我们就开车来到了运河广场的“陶一天”，一进去都是各式各样的精美的陶瓷，有杯子，有风铃，有“蛋糕”，还有很多可爱的挂件。我和弟弟找了一个位置坐了下来，一位老师让我们从窗台上挑选一个自己喜欢的陶瓷。我左看看右看看，眼睛都看花了。终于，我在窗子的一个角落发现了一个可爱的小兔子风铃。我把它拿了下来，爱不释手。我告诉老师我要做这个风铃，老师就拿来了一块陶泥，坐在我旁边，教我怎么做这个小兔子风铃。我先把一块陶泥拍成圆形，然后把两小块陶泥搓成比较粗的“棍子”，但老师却说我做的不好看。老师教我，首先搓成一个圆柱体，然后把其中一个长方形的面轻轻拍平，最后用工具掏出一个椭圆形，一个兔子耳朵就完成了。接下来，老师又教我怎么把耳朵贴到头上。第一步：把要粘贴的地方刮毛。第二步：把泥浆涂到刮毛的地方。第三步：使劲把耳朵和头贴起来。第四步：用手把多余的泥浆抹平，使耳朵和头连接在一起。在贴的时候一定要用劲，不然烧的时候会掉下来的。我用同样的方式把手和身体贴在一起。当我正要把身体和头贴在一起的时候，老师说：“不要贴在一起，拿去那边用吹风机吹干。”我一头雾水的把兔子拿去吹风，吹到一半时老师让我挖洞，我这才想起来我做的是风铃，就乖乖的开始“挖洞”。把身体挖穿，头只要挖一半就可以了。最后，只要把头和身子贴在一起就ok了。
下面，我就可以去上色了。“恩……画什么表情好呢？”我苦苦思考着。我想了好一会儿，才想出一副可爱的表情。我连忙画了上去，生怕自己等一会儿忘了。我给小兔子穿上了一件小衣服后把耳朵涂上白色的颜料，一只可爱的小兔兔就跳了出来。我用吹风机吹干，交给老师，老师用一根细棍子从头的正中心戳下去，这样就可以把铃铛穿过去了。
唔……还要等到下下个星期才能拿风铃呢，今天，我领悟了陶艺中的艺术，也知道做陶是很不容易的。
Mr David came to China, for the second time, this spring. During his stay in China, he visited several cities.
In Beijing he visited the Great Well, and the next day he left for Nanjing by train, where he visited the Nanjing Changjiang River Bridge. After that he travelled to Hangzhou by air and went sight-seeing on the West Lake. Then he got to Guangzhou by train and gave a report on American English. Later he went to Shanghai by sea, and bought over ten books in Chinese. After two weeks, Mr David returned to Beijing by plane.
Which one do you prefer, to solve problems on your own experience and knowledge, or to ask others for advice?
As knowledge and experience serve as twim towers in problem-solving, one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, eitther to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Neuton, siiting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out ond of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe, or to seek for others’ widsom through their advice, just as in the case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative. Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others’ advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone’s mind is, more often than not, far less shining compared with group’s wisdom. That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants; that explains why a great leader is always with greater minds; that also explains why teamwork in corperation is highly emphasized in the 21st century. Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individula involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village.
Asking others’ advice instead of getting everything done on one’s own promotes democracy and communication too. In terms of democracy, it is necessary to give others rights and chances to speak since the problem may concern them in different ways, and their sayingin turn reflects our respect toward freedom of speech as well as their wisdom. In terms of communication, idea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions, and hereby better mutual
understanding about perspectives, principles, praticalities and personalities of each other.
Admittely turning to others for help and suggestion by no means refers to absolute and irresponsible dependence. Consideration upon different thoughts and ideas broadens our mind, enlarges our vision, furthers understanding, enhances more effective and efficient brainstorm, and stresses mutual respect in groups and communities, which
undoubtedly gives rise to better, if not the best solutions. As is paraphrased from John F Kenedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do.
In our modern life, plenty of people now are having the problem of obesity. Why? They don’t have a good habit of eating. People are busy working and get no time to slow down and enjoy their meal, so they always choose fast food which we still can call it junk food. So people become fat and get no time to do some exercises.
In my opinion, people should pay more attention to healthy eating. They should eat food which contains low calorie and are healthy to our body such as vegetables and fruits. Only in this way, can we have a healthy body.
英语说明文的写作
就“说明对象”而言，英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类，比如：对“LASER(激光)”、“Computer Problem of Year (计算机问题)”等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明，而“The Successful Interview(谈成功的面试)”、“How to Write Good English Composition(如何才能写好英语作文)” 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说，在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者，即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中，阐述和说明 “主观抽象观念”的说明文占了很大的比重，其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述，英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主题，也就是说，文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容;第二部分是文章的主体，可由若干个段落组成，对文章的主题进行展开说明;第三部分是结尾段，对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出，要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中，常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种：
1.罗列法(listing)
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中，下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的：
Early Rising
Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First， it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides， we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。
Secondly， early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning， and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
Thirdly， early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring， so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
Fourthly， early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work， such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise， makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，
必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法(examples)
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的：
Recreation
It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation (娱乐)。 The mind， too， needs change to make it fresh and vigorous (有活力的) There is much truth in the old saying， All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“
There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done， for instance， football， tennis， and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating， fishing， gardening， cycling， walking， chess-playing， and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles (肌肉) with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work (体力活) should adopt (采纳) reading or some other quiet form of recreation.
Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation， but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience， and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (轻松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor， chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.
可以看出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法(comparison and contrast)
比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法，比如：
From Paragraph to Essay
Although they are different in length (长度)， the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure (结构)。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence (主题句) or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the topic focus (主题所在) Next， the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory (引导的) paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence (结束句) ——whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions (例外)， most well written expository (说明文的) paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
可以看出，在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。
European Football and American Football
Although European football is the parent of American football， the two games show several major differences. European football， sometimes called association football or soccer， is played in 80 countries， making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football， on the other hand， is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada)。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football， also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions (位置) on the field， is played with an elongated (拉长的) round ball. Soccer has little body contact (接触) between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football， in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates， needs special protective equipment. In soccer， the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (顶) it with the head. In American football， on the other hand， the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's (对手) goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish (区别) association and American football.
这是一篇用比较不同点的'手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法(definition)
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是：
被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语
可以看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：
A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on(以……为食品)fruit and insects but is not a bird.
其实，在英—英词典中，对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如，看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession (专业)。
5.顺序法(sequence of time， space and process)
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的：
Coal
Coal underwent (经受) many changes before it became the bright， brittle (脆的)， black substance which we now use. During ancient times (在上古时代)， when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate， the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on， the ground changed and began to sink (下沉) a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit (沉淀) of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.
Generations after generations (几世纪后)， as the ground kept gradually sinking， another layer of sand and clay was again deposited (积聚) above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted (作用) and the peat (泥煤) was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.
Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine (煤矿)。 In China， coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.
6.分类法(classification)
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如：著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(Of Studies)一文中就用到了分类法：
Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested， that is， some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously， and some few to be read wholly， and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…
参考译文：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所需摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者……
——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》(张培基等)
可见，如果能够根据具体情况，选用合适的写作手法，就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。
除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外，还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下，对于中学生来说，上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是：在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主，同时辅以其他写作手法。有时，甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此，必须根据具体情况，选用合适的展开主题的写作手法，才能写出优秀的英语说明文。
更多的相关英语作文推荐参考：
江西高考英语作文题目
20重庆高考英语作文题目
年高考英语作文模板：现象说明文
英语说明文写作技巧
英语说明文的写作技巧说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等;也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。
说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等;说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。
说明文的写作应该注意的`事项有下面几点：
1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。
2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。
3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。
4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。
I’m a 20—year—old boy, and the following is my story.
A month after I graduated from high school in August, , I was coming home from swim_practice in the training centre of the city and was involved in a car accident. I was so seriously injured that I was in a coma for more than two months at Prince Georges Hospital.
I suffered a lot from the experience of dying eight times during my coma and I couldn’t open my mouth to talk or to communicate when I eventually came around. At that time, it seemed that walking was never going to happen again due to all the extreme injuries. Just like my body, my dreams were completely destroyed. But I was not going to let my injuries stop me from realizing my dreams．
After receiving a total of 15 operations and 36 blood transfusions, I had to make every great effort to learn to talk, eat, walk, shower, and live on my own again. When I was out of hospital,_I still had to go to outpatient therapy in Waldorf, Maryland. After I spent a few months in a wheelchair,_I took baby steps to walk on my own. It was a miracle that I was able to walk again, but I still wanted to prove that I could not only walk, but also run.
When it came true, I wanted to get back into the pool again. After having a few lung tests, I was able to go in the pool a little bit each week. After a few months of swim training,_I began my freshman year at St. Mary’s College of Maryland and then became a proud member of the swim team.
By telling my story, I want to make a positive influence on the world. I am just trying to live dad push me round in my them and their family members. I wanted to let them know that everything was going to be okay. Somehow, things would work out for the best.
说明文写作_高中说明文写作技巧
说明文，即用来解释或说明事物、理论、方法、过程或某种抽象概念的文章。说明文的基本目的就是说清楚。也就是说，要让人看了文章后对文章中解释或说明的对象有清晰明确的认识。这就决定了说明文的基本特征是客观和科学。
说明文首要的一点是明确说明的 对象，然后用准确的语言，结合多种说明手法对之进行介绍和描述。常用的说明手法有下定义、分类别、作比较、引资料、举例子、列数字、画图表等。下定义，即给要说明的对象下一个明确的定义。如博物馆的定义就是征集、保藏、陈列和研究代表自然和人类的实物,并为公众提供知识、教育和欣赏的文化教育机构。分类别是将要说明的对象按照某种标准划分类别，以帮助读者对事物的理解。如电视机，可以分为彩色电视机和黑白电视机。作比较，即将这种事物与那种事物比较异同，从而更清楚地说明事物的特点。如将城市和乡村作比较，将大学和幼儿园作比较等。作比较的时候一定要注意比较的事物之间应当具有可比性，不能生拉硬扯，也不能不尊重客观事实，胡乱比较。为了说明某种事物的特点，有时候需要介绍它的背景、原理、历史等，这时就要用到引资料这种手法。比如我们要对长城进行说明，适当地引用一些历史文献，就更有助于今天的人们了解长城的历史，从而加深对长城中所蕴含的民族精神的认识。在复杂说明文中，列图表具有不可替代的优势。大量的数据、冗长的叙述、复杂的相互关系等，都可以通过图表得到直观的表达。
按说明的对象不同，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文。前者着重在于说明的成因、构造、形状、用途等，后者则重在说明事理。这两类说明文常用的写作手法也有一定的区别。比如事物说明文重在说明事物的物理特征，常用的是下定义、分类别等说明手法，事理说明文重在说明事物的逻辑特征，地要用到引资料、作比较等说明手法。但时候，在同一篇文章中，几种说明手法都要用到，相辅相成，互为补充。
如何使说明文物理并重、形神兼备的呢?首要的一点是观察。说明文写作的前提是对要说明的事物非常熟悉。要做到这一点，就要养成认真观察、深入了解的习惯：
观察要有针对性。要带着问题观察，而不是走马观花、浮光掠影。最好能在观察前列出观察提纲，观察时要记笔记、画图标。要善于提出问题。
观察时要分清主次。这就要求我们注意观察的顺序。观察有概括性观察和特写性观察之分。前一种方法有助于抓住事物的概貌，后者则利于把握观察对象的细节和特征。由概括到特写、由全局到局部，是观察的一般原理。
观察重在事物的形。要想传神，写出事物的内涵、原理等，则需要有很好的查阅资料、作调查的能力。比如我们要写一篇文章来说明洛阳牡丹。在写好它的形状、颜色、品种之外，如果能够考察一下洛阳牡丹的来历、其中的牡丹名品在培育中的科学原理，这篇文章就会有说服力，使读者更深刻地认识到洛阳牡丹的文化特色。这就要求我们具备相当的知识积累、广阔的知识面和优秀的调查能力。作为小，应当从小注重积累知识和调查能力的训练。比如通过剪报、记笔记、上图书馆和阅览室等途径来有意识地训练自己。
写作说明文还要注意说明的顺序。有合理的顺序，文章才能条理清晰，让人看得明白。说明顺序一般有三种，即空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。间顺序一般有从上到下、从左到右、从前到后、从远到近等。时间顺序一般有从古到今、从过去到现在等。 逻辑顺序有从现象到本质、从原因到结果、从主要到次要、从整体到部分、从概括到具体等。什么是合理的顺序呢?这要根据人们认识事物的过程以及说明对象本身的特征、规律而定。说明事物的形状、构造等，往往以空间为顺序;说明事物的成因、方法，往往以时间为顺序;说明事物的事理，往往以逻辑关系为顺序。
当然，大多数说明文会综合使用多种说明顺序。因此，在写作时，我们要合理地安排好说明顺序，理清说明文的结构层次。常用的结构层次有并列式、层进式和总分式三种。比如我们以“水”为题目进行写作，可以先写水的外形特征，再写水的分类，然后写水的用途，这是并列式的写作层次。我们也可以先写水的外形，再写水的成因，最后写水给人类带来的利与害，这是层进式的结构层次。先概括水的用途和特征，再一一细述，就是总分式。结构层次能力需发们在长期的写作过程中培养，现在就不一一细说了。
母亲节是所有妈妈的节日。在这个节日里，我的妈妈非常高兴，可是妈妈要上班。我想，该送什么礼物给妈妈呢?
妈妈是一位白衣天使，平时工作很忙，但是还要抽空来照顾我，辅导我的学习。我一直都想送一份礼物给妈妈，正好今天是母亲节，爸爸也在上班，不如我就给他们一个惊喜吧。
我左想右想，想出了个好主意，就是做一张卡片给妈妈。主意一定，我赶快行动起来。我拿出笔、卡纸、彩笔。我在卡纸的左边画了一个笑脸，右边画了一颗心，再涂上颜色。我在“心”的下面写了一句话：妈妈，我爱你!又在画的上面写上：祝母亲节快乐!终于完工了!
正好在这时侯，爸爸妈妈下班回来了，我连忙给妈妈送上，妈妈开心地笑了，还给我一个甜甜的吻，爸爸看了也笑了。
Mother's day is a holiday for all mothers. In this holiday, my mother is very happy, but mother is going to work. I thought, what gift should I give my mother?
My mother is an angel of white. She is very busy at work, but I have to take time to take care of me and help me with my studies. I've always wanted to send a gift to my mom. It's mother's day and dad is at work, so I'll give them a surprise.
I thought to my left and came up with a good idea to make a card for my mother. The idea must be, I'll get to it. I took out my pen, my card, my marker. I drew a smiley face on the left side of the card, a heart on the right, and a color on the right. I wrote a sentence below the heart: mom, I love you! On the top of the picture: happy mother's day! Finally finished!
Just at this moment, mom and dad came back from work, I hurriedly to the mother, mother smiled happily, gave me a sweet kiss, my father saw also smiled.
Every Chinese knows the importance of the college entrance examination, so the high school students always can feel the stress from that exam, especially when that day is nearby. Some students will not do as well as usual because of heavy stress. It is necessary to adjust their mood well before the exam.
They should not give too much pressure to themselves, instead of having usual heart. Then they can do in working order. To reach this goal, they can spare time to do some sports or just go running and keep telling themselves that the exam can’t decide their future, so they try their best would be OK and no one will blame them. The purpose is make them feel relax, as the status of relax is the best state for achieving good marks in the exam. It is helpful.
People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pollution. Pollution is caused either by man’s release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment, or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance, such as oil from oil tankers into the sea.
The whole industrial process which makes many of the goods and machines we need and use in our daily lives, is bound to create a number of waste products which upset the environmental balance, or the ecological balance as it is also known. Many of these waste products can be prevented or disposed of sensibly, but clearly while more and more new and complex goods are produced there will be new, dangerous wastes to be disposed of, for example, the waste products from nuclear power stations. Many people, therefore, see pollution as only part of a larger and more complex problem, that is, the whole process of industrial production and consumption of goods.
Others again see the problem mainly in connection with agriculture, where new methods are helping farmers grow more and more on their land to feed our ever-increasing populations. However, the land itself if gradually becoming worn out as it is being used, in some cases, too heavily, and artificial fertilizers cannot restore the balance.
Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts. In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste. Food comes wrapped up three or four times in packages that all have to be disposed of; drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which cannot be reused. This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, in terms of glass, metals and paper. Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need, but also to throw away much of what we do buy.
Pollution and waste combine to be a problem everyone can help to solve by
cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.
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